scholarly journals Molt and Plumage Terminology of Howell et al. (2003) Still May not Reflect Homologies

The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest J. Willoughby
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Related Species ◽  
First Year ◽  
P System ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
First Year Of Life

Abstract Forty-five years ago Humphrey and Parkes (1959) introduced their system of nomenclature for molts and plumages (the H-P system). They claimed that their biologically neutral terminology, independent of the bird's life cycle events, could accurately reflect homologies of molts and plumages across a wide range of avian taxa. Soon, however, several investigators reported trouble adapting the terminology to unusual sequences of molts and plumages, and others expressed doubts that it could accurately reflect true phylogenetic homologies. Howell et al. (2003) reviewed these problems and proposed a modification of the original H-P system that identifies the juvenal plumage as the first basic plumage, and any postjuvenal plumages that are not repeated in later plumage cycles as formative plumages. By doing this, they solved the problem of adapting the original H-P system to plumages of the first year of life in many species. However, they have not overcome the arguments of Stresemann (1963) and Amadon (1966) that patterns of molting and plumage are so variable, and so subject to natural selection, that there is doubt that the H-P terminology can reveal phylogenetic homologies even among closely related species. Molting and plumage sequences within a clade comprising four species of the genus Carduelis confirm that within this limited grouping, molting and plumages are highly variable, and apparent homologies are not revealed in the H-P terminology as modified by Howell et al. La Terminología de la Muda y el Plumaje de Howell et al. (2003) Podría no Reflejar Aún las Homologías Resumen. Hace cuarenta y cinco años, Humphrey y Parkes (1959) introdujeron su sistema de nomenclatura para la muda y el plumaje (el sistema H-P). Ellos sugirieron que su terminología biológicamente neutra, independiente de los eventos del ciclo de vida de las aves, podría reflejar con exactitud las homologías de la muda y el plumaje a través de un amplio espectro de taxa. Sin embargo, poco después varios investigadores notaron problemas al adaptar la terminología a secuencias inusuales de muda y plumajes, y otros expresaron dudas en cuanto a si podría reflejar con exactitud las verdaderas homologías filogenéticas. Howell et al. (2003) revisaron estos problemas y propusieron una modificación del sistema H-P original que identifica el plumaje juvenil como el primer plumaje básico, y cualquier plumaje post-juvenil que no se repita en ciclos posteriores del plumaje como plumaje formativo. Haciendo esto, solucionaron el problema de adaptar el sistema H-P original a plumajes del primer año de vida de muchas especies. Sin embargo, no lograron resolver las críticas de Stresemann (1963) y Amadon (1966) de que los patrones de muda y plumaje son tan variables y tan propensos a ser afectados por selección natural, que es dudoso que la terminología H-P pueda revelar homologías filogenéticas, aún entre especies estrechamente relacionadas. Las secuencias de muda y plumaje al interior de un clado formado por cuatro especies del género Carduelis confirman que dentro de este limitado grupo, la muda y el plumaje son áltamente variables y que algunas homologías aparentes no son reveladas por la terminología H-P con las modificaciones de Howell et al.

scholarly journals Determining Evolutionary Homologies of Molts and Plumages: A Commentary on Howell et al. (2003)

The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
P System ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Plumage Color ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Para Determinar

AbstractHowell et al. (2003) argue that the Humphrey-Parkes (H-P) system of molt terminology is flawed because it requires using traditional first prebasic molt as the starting point for plumage succession that results in noncorrespondence between nomenclature and presumed homology in first basic plumages. However, the H-P system does not require this. Second, they argue that plumage color can be a misleading criterion for evaluating plumage homologies. I show, however, that the timing and extent of molts, and thus their homologies, can de documented more accurately by using plumage color than by not doing so. Howell et al. (2003) propose a revised H-P system. To follow their system, one must accept their notion that no first-cycle molts are homologous with prebasic molts in subsequent molt cycles. However, this is not so as many species have a molt in their first cycle that is homologous to definitive prebasic molt. In addition, Howell et al.'s (2003) system does not offer any new or better criteria for identifying homologies than those suggested by Humphrey and Parkes (1959) and, thus, is not an improvement on the H-P system. First-cycle molts and plumages of most birds are poorly known. Therefore, we will not have sufficient data to determine whether new molts have been evolutionarily added to the first cycle, as suggested by Howell et al. (2003), until the molts of many more species of birds are studied. Further, these studies must be done on closely related species, not phylogenetically distant ones as proposed by Howell et al. (2003).Determinación de las Homologías Evolutivas de la Muda y el Plumaje: Un Comentario sobre Howell et al. (2003)Resumen. Howell et al. (2003) aducen que el sistema Humphrey-Parkes (H-P) de terminología para la muda es erróneo porque requiere utilizar la primera muda prebásica como el punto de partida para la sucesión del plumaje, lo que resulta en falta de correspondencia entre la nomenclatura y las presuntas homologías en los primeros plumajes básicos. Sin embargo, el sistema H-P no requiere esto. Segundo, ellos argumentan que el color de plumaje puede ser un criterio engañoso para evaluar las homologías del plumaje, pero yo demuestro que el momento y la extensión de las mudas, y por tanto sus homologías, pueden documentarse con mayor exactitud utilizando el color del plumaje que no haciéndolo. Howell et al. (2003) proponen un sistema H-P revisado que implica aceptar su noción de que ninguna de las mudas del primer ciclo es homóloga con mudas prebásicas de ciclos de muda subsiguientes. Sin embargo, esto no es así, pues muchas especies tienen una muda en su primer ciclo que es homóloga a la muda prebásica definitiva. Adicionalmente, el sistema de Howell et al. (2003) no ofrece criterios nuevos o mejores para identificar las homologías que aquellos sugeridos por Humphrey and Parkes (1959), por lo que no representa un mejoramiento del sistema H-P. Las mudas y los plumajes del primer ciclo de la mayoría de las aves son poco conocidos. Por lo tanto, hasta que no se estudie la muda en muchas más especies de aves, no tendremos suficientes datos para determinar si nuevas mudas se han adicionado evolutivamente al primer ciclo como Howell et al. (2003) sugirieron. Más aún, dichos estudios deben hacerse en especies estrechamente relacionadas, no en aquellas filogenéticamente distantes como Howell et al. (2003) propusieron.

scholarly journals Caterpillars of the marsh fritillary butterfly Euphydryas aurinia can extend their life-cycle in Scotland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil O. M. Ravenscroft
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
First Year ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Euphydryas Aurinia ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Marsh Fritillary

AbstractThe marsh fritillary Euphydryas aurinia is declining across Europe and is of high conservation interest. Its ecology has been defined and its conservation status assessed primarily from the affinities and populations of young caterpillars in the autumn, before hibernation and high winter mortality. The possibility that caterpillars of E. aurinia can overwinter more than once was investigated on the Isle of Islay, Scotland after caterpillars were found to occur at some locations in the spring despite a pre-hibernation absence. Closely-related species in North America and Northern Europe can prolong larval development by diapausing for a year as does E. aurinia in Scandinavia. Measurements of development and manipulations of distribution confirmed that some caterpillars do extend the life-cycle in Scotland and may occur in areas devoid of larvae in their first year. Caterpillars attempting this life-cycle develop slowly in spring, attain the normal penultimate spring instar and then enter diapause while other caterpillars are pupating. They moult just before diapause, construct highly cryptic webs and on emergence the following spring are 5–6 times heavier than larvae emerging in their first spring, or the equivalent of a month or so ahead. They attain a final, extra instar as larvae in their first spring reach the penultimate instar. Knowledge of this life-cycle is confined in the UK to Islay but its occurrence in this mild climate implies that it is more widespread.Implications for insect conservation Conditions that permit long diapause are probably precise and may not be reflected in recognised qualities of habitat. The species may also be present despite a perceived absence in autumn, the standard period for monitoring. Assessments of the prevalence of the life-cycle and its contribution to the persistence of E. aurinia are required. Populations of E. aurinia are known to fluctuate greatly and do occur below the observation threshold for long periods.

Revision of Coronostrongylus (Nematoda : Strongyloidea) parasitic in the stomachs of macropodid marsupials

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Beveridge
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Related Species ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Nematode Genus ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Species Occurrences

The monotypic nematode genus Coronostrongylus Johnston & Mawson, 1939 from the stomachs of macropodid marsupials was reviewed and was found to consist of a least seven closely related species. Coronostrongylus coronatus Johnston & Mawson, 1939 is found most commonly in Macropus rufogriseus, but occurs occasionally in M. dorsalis, M. parryi and Petrogale inornata. Coronostrongylus johnsoni, sp. nov. is most commonly found in M. dorsalis, but occurs also in M. rufogriseus, M. parma, Thylogale stigmatica, Petrogale godmani and P. brachyotis. Coronostrongylus barkeri, sp. nov. is most prevalent in Onychogalea unguifera, but occurs also in M. rufus, M. robustus and P. brachyotis. Coronostrongylus closei, sp. nov. is restricted to Petrogale persephone. Coronostrongylus sharmani, sp. nov. occurs only in rock wallabies from eastern Australia: P.�coenensis, P. godmani and P. mareeba; C. spratti, sp. nov. occurs in P. inornata and P. assimilis. Coronostrongylus spearei, sp. nov. is restricted to Papua New Guinea where it is found in Dorcopsulus vanhearni, Dorcopsis hageni and D. muelleri. Although all of the nematode species occur in one principal host species or a series of closely related host species, occurrences in geographically disjunct areas and in phylogenetically distant hosts are features of C. coronatus, C. barkeri, sp. nov. and C. johnsoni, sp. nov. The occurrence of seven closely related nematode species found in a wide range of macropodid host species is more readily accounted for by a hypothesis involving multiple colonisations of hosts than by the hypothesis of co-speciation.

scholarly journals Visual and refractive status of children with Down's syndrome and nystagmus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asma A A Zahidi ◽  
Lee McIlreavy ◽  
Jonathan T Erichsen ◽  
J Margaret Woodhouse
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Down's Syndrome ◽  
Down’S Syndrome ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
First Year ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Clinical Records ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Refraction Data

Background/Aims: Children with Down's syndrome (DS) are known to have poorer visual acuity that neurotypical children. One report has shown that children with DS and nystagmus also have poor acuity when compared to typical children with nystagmus. What has not been established, is the extent of any acuity deficit due to nystagmus and whether nystagmus impacts on refractive error is within a population with DS. Methods: Clinical records from The Cardiff University Down's Syndrome Vision Research Unit were examined retrospectively. Binocular visual acuity and refraction data were available for 50 children who had DS and nystagmus (DSN) and 176 children who had DS but no nystagmus. Data were compared between the two groups, and with published data for neurotypical children with nystagmus. Results: The study confirms the deficit in acuity in DS, compared to neurotypical children, of approximately 0.2 LogMAR and shows a further deficit attributable to nystagmus of a further 0.2 logMAR beyond the first year of life. Children with DS and no nystagmus appear to have acuity that mirrors that of typical children with nystagmus, while children with both DS and nystagmus have a significant additional impairment. Children with DS have a wide range of refractive errors, but nystagmus increases the likelihood of myopia. Prevalence and axis direction of astigmatism, on the other hand appears unaffected by nystagmus. Conclusion: Nystagmus confers an additional visual impairment on children with Down's syndrome and must be recognised as such by families and educators. Children with both DS and nystagmus clearly need targeted support.

Are polymorphic species of Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata) more successful evolutionarily?—A case study of closely related species from the genus Oodinychus Berlese, 1917 based on DNA sequences

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 866
Author(s):  
Jerzy Błoszyk ◽  
Katarzyna Buczkowska ◽  
Anna Maria Bobowicz ◽  
Alina Bączkiewicz ◽  
Zbigniew Adamski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Wide Range

The study presented in this research paper is the first taxonomic investigation focusing on Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata) mites with a brief discussion of the genetic differences of two very closely related species from the genus Oodinychus Berlese, 1917, i.e. O. ovalis (C.L. Koch, 1839) and O. karawaiewi (Berlese, 1903). These two morphologically similar species are quite common and they have a wide range of occurrence in Europe. They also live in almost the same types of habitat. However, O. ovalis usually exhibits higher abundance and frequency of occurrence. The major aim of the study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the systematic position, morphological and biological differences, as well as habitat preferences and distribution of O. ovalis and O. karawaiewi. The next aim was to ascertain whether the differences in number and frequency of these species may stem from the genetic differences at the molecular level (16S rDNA and COI). The study shows that O. ovalis, which is a more abundant species than O. karawaiewi, turned out to be genetically more polymorphic.

scholarly journals A New Species of Ligyrocoris Stal With a Key to the Northeastern Species (Hemiptera:Lygaeidae)

1963 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Merrill H. Sweet
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
New England ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Carex Stricta ◽  
A New Species

In the course of current work upon the biology and ecology of the Rhyparochrominae of New England, a new species of Ligyrocoris was discovered. The species runs in Barber's (1921) key to the couplet separating diffusus (Uhler) from sylvestris (L.), but is distinct from either species. While the new species is closely related to these species, it is also quite close to L. depictus which is separated out in a different part of Barber's key.These four closely related species are sympatric in New England, although they are markedly different in their overall distribution. The habitat preferences and life cycles of the species are quite different (Sweet, unpublished). The habitat of the new species described below is most unusual for the genus. The greater part of the type series was collected along the margin of a small pond where sedge clumps were standing in the water among occasional exposed rocks rather than in relatively dry fields or slope habitats where the other species occur. The species feeds upon the seeds of the sedge, Carex stricta Lam, and its life cycle is apparently adapted to that of the sedge, which fruits in late May and June. The insect becomes adult in mid-June and lays eggs until mid-July. The eggs remain in diapause over the summer and winter and hatch in May.

scholarly journals The intensity of natural selection in man

1912 ◽  
Vol 85 (581) ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
First Year ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
Total Death ◽  
Selective Death ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Varying Environment

(1) In a paper communicated to the Royal Society in 1899, and later in greater elaboration published in ‘Biometrika,’ 1901, it has been shown on the basis of the inheritance of longevity that the selective death-rate in man amounted to at least 60 per cent. to 80 per cent. of the total death-rate. The matter has been recently reconsidered by Prof. Ploetz, who, dealing with material wholly different from that of Beeton and Pearson came to similar conclusions. The point is a very vital one, for, combined with: (i) the heredity of physical and mental characters in man, and (ii) the demonstration that the longer-lived have more offspring, we reach a definite knowledge that Darwinism does apply, and very intensely applies, even to man under civilised conditions. The difficulty of a direct investigation of the problem lies in securing uniformity of environment. W e have to demonstrate that when under the same environment there is a heavier death-rate among a given group of human beings, then among the survivors of this group in a given later period the death-rate will be lessened. Now each group of individuals we attempt to deal with has its own environment, and if that is a bad environment we should expect to find a heavy death-rate both at the earlier and later periods; this obviously must obscure the action of natural selection. For example in districts with a high infant mortality we might expect a high child mortality, say deaths from two to five years of life, because a bad environment sends up the intensity of both. The correlation between deaths in the first year of life (0—1) and in the next four years of life (1—5) for a given district will certainly be positive if no correction be made for varying environment. Quite recently this matter has been discussed by determining the correlation between the ages 0—1 and 1—5 in the administrative counties of England and Wales. As ( a ) the group 0—1 was not followed to 1—5, but the deaths in these age-groups for the same years were dealt with, and ( b ) no allowance whatever was made for the differential environment of the administrative counties, it is difficult to find any real bearing of the data on the problem of natural selection in man.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Patterns in the Genus Homo

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisar A. Shar
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Genus Homo ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACT The demographic history of Homo sapiens is complex; it involves a wide range of migrations and genetic adaptations. One of the closely related species to Homo sapiens is Neanderthals, which became extinct about 30,000 years ago. The aim of this research is to compare Homo sapiens with Neanderthals and chimpanzees to understand the patterns of inheritance and survival instincts of Homo sapiens. Results show that out of all selected groups of genes in this study, metabolism, and language genes are found to be the most evolving group of genes. This shows that these most evolving genes are contributing to the advancement of Homo sapiens. However, after comparing human intelligence genes with the primates, it is found that exonic regions are contributing more to the evolution of human intelligence hence, making Homo sapiens unique in terms of intelligence.

scholarly journals Evidence of tutoring in the development of subsong in newly-fledged Meyer's Parrots Poicephalus meyeri

2004 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Masin ◽  
Renato Massa ◽  
Luciana Bottoni
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Poephila Guttata ◽  
Time Parameters ◽  
First Year Of Life

Subsongs are vocal trials uttered by young birds to practice songs. Among songbirds, subsongs are displayed by individuals in their first year of life. Studies on Zebra Finches Poephila guttata suggest that the juveniles learn their songs from a vocal tutor, their father. In this study we examine the subsongs in six captive-born Meyer's Parrots Poicephalus meyeri, from fledging time to weaning. Recordings of songs from chicks and fathers were analyzed for similarities in frequency and time parameters. With age, the subsongs of the chicks became more similar to the vocalizations of the fathers with 20% similarity rating in the first week after fledging to 100% at weaning time. Moreover, fledged chicks were exposed to a wide range of stimuli from several species of parrots breeding pairs caged nearby but chicks exclusively learned their fathers' songs. Our data support the hypothesis that Meyer's Parrots are vocal learners and use their father as their tutor.

scholarly journals Maternal Prenatal Microbiome and Infant’s Immune System at the Origins of the Development of Health and Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván Enrique Naranjo Logroño ◽  
Leslie Gricel Cuzco Macías ◽  
Alison Tamara Ruiz Chico ◽  
Anthony Alfonso Naranjo Coronel
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
First Year ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Land Surfaces ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: The human microbiome refers to the presence of microorganisms that live with its host. Objective: To analyze the relationship between the maternal perinatal microbiome and the development of the infant’s immune system, at the origins of the development of health and disease. Methodology: A non-systematic bibliographic review was carried out, including those controlled and randomized clinical trials focused on the relationship of the prenatal maternal microbiome and the infant’s immune system. And all those works whose approach was different from the topic raised were excluded. Discussion: 20 min after birth, the microbiome of newborns by vaginal delivery resembles the microbiota of their mother’s vagina, while those born by caesarean section house microbial communities that are usually found in human skin. The acquisition of the microbiome continues during the first years of life, with a microbiome of the baby’s gastrointestinal tract beginning to resemble that of an adult from the first year of life. Conclusion: Bacteria are microorganisms that have managed to colonize the vast majority of land surfaces, showing great adaptability. The human being is not indifferent, and hypotheses have been raised that affirm his participation in the development of health and the onset of the disease. Keywords: microbiota, inmune system, infant nutritional physiological phenomena. RESUMEN Introducción: El microbioma humano se refiere a la presencia de microorganismos que conviven con su hospedero. Objetivo: Analizar la relación existente entre el microbioma materno perinatal y el desarrollo del sistema inmune del lactante, en los orígenes del desarrollo de la salud y enfermedad. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica no sistemática, donde se incluyeron aquellos ensayos clínicos controlados y randomizados enfocados en la relación del microbioma materno prenatal y el sistema inmune del lactante. Y se excluyeron todos aquellos trabajos cuyo enfoque fue diferente al tema planteado. Resultados: Se encontraron 61 fuentes bibliográficas, de las cuales se incluyeron 53 artículos que contenían la información relacionada al tema y publicados en los últimos 11 años. Discusión: 20 min después del nacimiento, el microbioma de los recién nacidos por parto vaginal se asemeja a la microbiota de la vagina de su madre, mientras que los nacidos por cesárea albergan comunidades microbianas que generalmente se encuentran en la piel humana. La adquisición del microbioma continúa durante los primeros años de vida, con un el microbioma del tracto gastrointestinal del bebé comienza a parecerse al de un adulto desde el primer año de vida. Conclusiones: Las bacterias, son microorganismos que han logrado colonizar la gran mayoría de las superficies terrestres, mostrando una gran capacidad de adaptación. El ser humano, no es indiferente, y se han planteado hipótesis que aseveran su participación en el desarrollo de la salud e inicio de la enfermedad. Palabras clave: microbiota, sistema inmunológico, fenómenos fisiológicos nutricionales del lactante.

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