Aural philology: Herder hears Homer singing

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-424
Author(s):  
Tanvi Solanki
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Johann Gottfried Herder ◽  
Reading Experience ◽  
Cultural Differentiation ◽  
History Of ◽  
German People

Abstract In 1769, Johann Gottfried Herder describes a private reading experience of a remarkably paradoxical nature. He tells us that he can only read ‘his’ Homer properly when he hears Homer singing Greek, while silently reading and translating by means of his German thoughts and mother tongue. Herder’s performative reading is anchored in what I call aural philology, a method innovative in its emphasis on the aural dimension in reconstructively imagining historical epochs. It is one which demarcates cultural difference through practices of listening and their remediation into reading. The problem, for Herder, is how to constitute the particularity of the German people even in affective acts of reading that, however momentarily, suspend cultural differentiation through effects of presence. I distinguish Herder’s philology from Vico and others who emphasized the oral origins of the Homeric epic, along with recent theories of philology as an affective, aurally mediated process. The article is an alternative view on the role of media in enlightenment theories of literature and culture separate from Friedrich Kittler’s Discourse Networks 1800/1900. Herder’s aural philology identifies a moment in the history of aurality and cultural difference, one that does not move fixedly towards modernity.

The National and the Universal

2020 ◽  
pp. 368-386
Author(s):  
Sarah Collins
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Difference ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Johann Gottfried Herder ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Respective Treatment ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines the continuities between the categories of the “national” and the “universal” in the nineteenth century. It construes these categories as interrelated efforts to create a “world” on various scales. The chapter explores the perceived role of music as a world-making medium within these discourses. It argues that the increased exposure to cultural difference and the interpretation of that cultural difference as distant in time and space shaped a conception of “humanity” in terms of a universal history of world cultures. The chapter reexamines those early nineteenth-century thinkers whose work became inextricably linked with the rise of exclusivist notions of nationalism in the late nineteenth century, such as Johann Gottfried Herder and John Stuart Mill. It draws from their respective treatment of music to recover their early commitment to universalizable principles and their view that the “world” is something that must be actively created rather than empirically observed.

scholarly journals Translation in EFL Classroom

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
Arta TOÇI
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
English Language ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
First Language ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
East European ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of

Throughout much of the history of research into second language acquisition (SLA), the role of learners’ first language (L1) has been a hotly debated issue. Prodromou (2000) refers to the mother tongue as a ‘skeleton in the closet’, while Gabrielatos (2001) calls it a ‘bone of contention’. Such views are but a mere reflection of the different methodological shifts in English Language Teaching, which have brought about new and different outlooks on the role of the mother tongue. The conflict itself is taking place in academic circles rather than in classrooms, where the use of L1 is still considered unacceptable owing to the predominance of the communicative method in language teaching.   Research on the role that mother tongue has for the non-native learners of English has been conducted around the world, however none in North Macedonia. This research aims to explore some of the controversy regarding the use of the student’s first language (L1), as well as to suggest translation activities as a beneficial tool for the students of South East European University in Tetovo, North Macedonia. It also provides insights into native language interference in the process of translating from students’ mother tongue into English, and vs.

Language Distance and the Magnitude of the Language Learning Task

1979 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Corder
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Language Learner ◽  
Personal History ◽  
Second Languages ◽  
History Of

A learner brings to the classroom many characteristics which are relevant to predictions about his career as a language learner. These characteristics are the product of his membership of a community; he shares its language and its attitudes to, beliefs about, motivations for and traditions in, language learning in general, and in the learning of specific second languages. And he possesses particular features of personality as formed by his personal history of maturation and experience. I am concerned in this paper with the role of only two of these characteristics, both related to the community he belongs to: the nature of his mother tongue and any other languages known to him, and the beliefs current in his community, which he presumably shares, as to the nature, extent and probable success in the learning task which lies ahead of him.

Race and Its Discontents in the Enlightenment

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin E. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Johann Gottfried Herder ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Difference ◽  
The One

This chapter surveys some of the more important developments in the history of the concept of race in eighteenth-century Germany. It reveals an inconsistency between the desire to make taxonomic distinctions and a hesitance to posit any real ontological divisions within the human species. This inconsistency was well represented in the physical-anthropological work of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, who was, in many respects, the most important eighteenth-century theorist of human difference. Johann Gottfried Herder, a contemporary of Blumenbach's, was intensely interested in human diversity, but saw this diversity as entirely based in culture rather than biology, and saw cultural difference as an entirely neutral matter, rather than as a continuum of higher and lower. Herder constitutes an important link between early modern universalism, on the one hand, and on the other the ideally value-neutral project of cultural anthropology as it would begin to emerge in the nineteenth century.

Democratizing Finance or Democratizing Money?

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-650
Author(s):  
Mary Mellor
Keyword(s):  
Precious Metal ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Sovereign Power ◽  
Economic Actor ◽  
Public Resource ◽  
The Social ◽  
Neoliberal Ideology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Money Creation

This article extends the critique of finance to money itself. It argues that our understanding of money has been distorted by a series of myths about its origin and nature, in particular, the claim that money emerged from the adoption of precious metal coinage in market systems. These myths obscure the social and political history of money and the role of states in money creation and circulation. Neoliberal ideology, by contrast, adopts a “handbag economics” that treats the state as a dependent household rather than an economic actor in its own right. An alternative view of money is put forward that sees money as a social and political construct and not just a passive reflection of market activity. It is argued that the sovereign power to create money should be recognized, reclaimed, and democratized as a public resource.

scholarly journals الشيخ مختار بن عطارد البوغوري الجاوي ثم المكي (1862 – 1930) والكتب الصونداوية المطبوعة في مكة والقاهرة أوائل القرن العشرين

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-112
Author(s):  
Ginanjar Sya'ban
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Muslim Scholar ◽  
History Of ◽  
Region Approach ◽  
Surprising Fact

This paper examines the history of “Kitab Sunda”, which was written in Sundanese language but with Arabic letter, by Shaikh Mukhtar (1862 – 1930) in Mecca and printed in Cairo and Mecca. While most intellectual works in the Middle East were written in Arabic, there is convincing indication that they were written in non-Arabic language. It is surprising fact that many religious-based works (Islam) were written in Arabic letter, but they used Javanese, Malay and Sundanese. One of important agents of Muslim scholar who purposely used Sundanese language in his work is Shaikh Mukhtar. The writer, born in Bogor (West Java), was a great ulama (Muslim scholar) in Mecca. He was connected with ulama from nusantara and Middle East network in the turn of 19 and 20 century. During the important period, there were some ulama from Sunda who were teaching in Mecca. Some of them wrote books printed in several cities in the Middle East such as Mecca, Cairo and Istanbul. Shaikh Mukhtar is well-known as pioneer of authorship and publicity of Kitab Sunda in Middle East since the early 20th century.  Before this period, religious works of ulama nusantara written in nusantara language and printed in the Middle East, only written in Malay language and Javanese.  In the Middle East, history of authorship of kitab Sunda was initiated by Shaikh Mukhtar. This achievement is important not only to introduce Sundanese language as the intelectual language in the Middle East through his works, but also inspire his disciple to produce intellectual works in their mother tongue. By means of historical and bibliography of region approach, this study traces the role of Suandanese ulama in Middle East in the early 20th century. 

The role of anticipation in reading

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Järvilehto ◽  
Veli-Matti Nurkkala ◽  
Kyösti Koskela
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Reading Process ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Reading Experience ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Textual Features ◽  
Synchronous Recording

The paper introduces measurement of fixation-speech intervals (FSI) as an important tool for the study of the reading process. Using the theory of the organism-environment system (Järvilehto 1998a), we developed experiments to investigate the time course of reading. By combining eye tracking with synchronous recording of speech during reading in a single measure, we issue a fundamental challenge to information processing models. Not only is FSI an authentic measure of the reading process, but it shows that we exploit verbal patterns, textual features and, less directly, reading experience. Reading, we conclude, is not a matter of decoding linguistic information. Far from being a text-driven process, it depends on integrating both sensory and motor processes in an anticipatory meaning generation based on the history of experience and cultural context of the reader. Finally, we conclude with remarks on the social character and cognitive history of reading.

scholarly journals Names of Diseases and Painful Conditions in Publication of V. M. Florinsky “Russian Common Folk Herbalists and Healers”: Composition, Word-Formation Models

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
O. N. Antsiferova
Keyword(s):  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
National Language ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Disease States ◽  
History Of ◽  
Russian Medical

The book “Russian common folk herbalists and healers: a collection of medical manuscripts of the 16th and 17th centuries”, published by Professor V. M. Florinsky (Kazan, 1879) is analyzed. The importance of the study of written monuments of medical content for studying the history of the formation of Russian medical terminology is emphasized. The importance of studying the “Herbalist” and the “Book called cool garden” included in the collection of Florinsky is substantiated. The uniqueness of the language situation in which the named monuments were created is noted - the end of the XVII - the beginning of the XVIII centuries. The objectives of the study are listed. They include identifying the names of diseases and disease states. Word-formation models characteristic of these items are described. Nominative phrases are considered, which play the role of preterm in the professional speech of physicians. It is concluded that the processes of term formation in the Russian medical field, as well as descriptions of painful conditions, were carried out at first using the resources of the mother tongue, which coincided with the idea of the national language norm. Attention is drawn to the fact that the combination of Russianisms, Slavisms and borrowed words in the sources studied can serve as confirmation of the hypothesis about the formation of a new book type of language in which the stylistic neutralization of the genetic differences of lexemes begins.

Sociolinguistics and history: An interdisciplinary view of bilingualism in imperial Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Offord
Keyword(s):  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Borrowing ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractUsing a study of the historical phenomenon of Franco-Russian bilingualism in imperial Russia as its point of departure, this article has three interlocking aims. First, it reflects on the common interest that historical sociolinguists and certain types of historian have in language use and language choice. Secondly, building on recent work by historical sociolinguists, it considers the ways in which historians’ and historical sociolinguists’ investigation of such matters as the social, political, cultural and literary functions of the French language in lands where French was not the mother tongue can be broadened and deepened by familiarity with each others’ findings. Thirdly, it seeks to illuminate the role of linguistic meta-discourse in the sort of grand narratives about the history and culture of national communities in which historians may be interested. In the specific case I examine, the narratives concern the relationship of Russia to the West, the wholeness or fragmentation of the Russian nation, the effects of cultural borrowing, the nature of Russian national identity and culture and the degree to which Russia is historically and culturally exceptional. In pursuit of these aims, I hope to illustrate the importance of linguistic matters in the history of societies, polities, and cultures and the potential that an interdisciplinary approach has to lend scholarship on these matters richer context and finer nuance than work which falls purely within either the historical or the historical-sociolinguistic domain tends to yield.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

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