scholarly journals Kin-based alloparenting and infant hospital admissions in the UK Millennium cohort

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Waynforth
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Incidence Rate Ratio ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Alloparental Care ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Infant Hospitalization

Abstract Background and objectives Kin-selected altruism is an evolutionary explanation for why biological kin other than parents are willing childcare providers or alloparents. Kin alloparents may increase lineage fitness by reducing maternal energy depletion and improving child survival through childcare activities. The aim of this research was to apply the hypothesis that kin-based alloparental care has benefits for child health in a western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic context. Methodology The hypothesis was tested using the first sweep of the UK Millennium Cohort Study (n = 18 552 infants). The outcome was number of hospitalizations by age 9 months, and the main predictors were kin-based alloparental care during work hours, socioeconomic position and infant health-related variables and their interactions with kin-based alloparenting. Analysis of hospitalizations was carried out using negative binomial regression. Results Kin alloparents were primary day carers in 17% of households. Infants whose main care arrangement during work hours was with kin allocarers had statistically significantly fewer hospitalizations than infants in all other care arrangements combined (Incidence rate ratio = 0.86, P < 0.03), and when contrasted with maternal day care (Incidence rate ratio = 0.79, P < 0.02). Conclusions and implications Kin-based allocare was associated with about a 15% reduction in the risk of infant hospitalization in the first 9 months. The difference appeared to be due in part to a difference in the risk of hospitalization for infectious diseases. Sensitivity analyses indicated that infants cared for by their mother during the day rather than in day-care facilities were most at risk of hospitalization compared with those in kin-based care. Lay summary Modern industrialized societies are generally characterized by nuclear family households, with grandparents and other extended family often living a considerable distance away. Studies carried out in societies which have not undergone the fragmentation of extended families have shown that grandmothers and other biological kin reduce infant mortality, most likely because they distribute the burden of infant care so that it does not fall exclusively on the mother. Here, the hypothesis that grandparental and other family care would be beneficial for infant health in the contemporary UK was testing using the UK Millennium cohort. Infant health was measured as number of hospitalizations in the first 9 months from birth. The main findings were that kin-based infant care, which was most commonly by grandparents, was associated with a 15% reduction in the risk of hospitalization in infants up to 9 months of age. Further analysis suggested that the difference was larger for risk of infant hospitalization due to infectious diseases rather than non-infectious diseases. The results also suggested that the finding may have been driven by increased risk for infants of mothers caring for their infant during normal working hours with no other help, such as from the father or pay-for day-care.

scholarly journals Is paliperidone palmitate more effective than other long-acting injectable antipsychotics?

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1616-1623 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Patel ◽  
E. Chesney ◽  
M. Taylor ◽  
D. Taylor ◽  
P. McGuire
Keyword(s):  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Incidence Rate Ratio ◽  
Psychiatric Inpatient ◽  
The Other ◽  
Paliperidone Palmitate ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Few Data ◽  
The Uk

AbstractBackgroundPaliperidone palmitate is one of the most widely prescribed long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics in the UK. However, it is relatively expensive and there are few data comparing its effectiveness to that of other LAI antipsychotics. We sought to address this issue by analyzing a large anonymized electronic health record (EHR) dataset from patients treated with LAI antipsychotics.MethodsEHR data were obtained from 1281 patients in the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) who started treatment with a LAI antipsychotic between 1 April 2011 and 31 January 2015. The number of days spent as a psychiatric inpatient and the number of admissions to a psychiatric hospital were analyzed in each of the 3 years before and after LAI prescription.ResultsPatients treated with paliperidone palmitate (n = 430; 33.6%) had a greater number of inpatient days and a greater number of admissions in the year prior to treatment than those treated with other LAI antipsychotics. Nevertheless, in the 3 years after initiation there were no significant differences between paliperidone and the other LAI antipsychotics in the number of days as an inpatient (B coefficient 5.4 days, 95% confidence interval (CI) −57.3 to 68.2, p = 0.86) or number of hospital admissions (Incidence rate ratio 1.07, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.83, p = 0.82).ConclusionPaliperidone palmitate was more likely to be prescribed in patients with more frequent and lengthy hospital admissions prior to initiation. However, the absence of differences in outcomes after initiation indicates that paliperidone palmitate was not more effective than other cheaper LAI antipsychotics.

Comparing fatal occupational accidents in Denmark and Sweden 1993–2012

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
C D Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Work Environment ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Incidence Rate Ratio ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Occupational Accidents ◽  
Sociodemographic Differences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Denmark and Sweden are in many respects two very similar countries with similar welfare state systems and work environment authorities. Nevertheless, marked differences in the incidence of fatal occupational accidents have been found in earlier comparisons of the two countries. Aims To investigate differences in the incidence of fatal occupational accidents in the period from 1993 to 2012 to establish to what extent characteristics of the deceased can explain some of the difference between the two countries. Methods Analyses of the accident registers of the two countries’ national work environment authorities with supplemental linkages to official registers on employment status are used to determine the incidence of fatal occupational accidents for different groups. The analysis is based on 2375 accidents (1068 in Denmark and 1307 in Sweden) over the period of 20 years. Poisson regression is used to derive incidence rates over time for specific groups. Results In the study period, the incidence of fatal occupational accidents decreased in both countries (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 0.95), although the incidence was on average higher in Denmark (IRR: 1.20) and grew larger over time. This difference did not disappear after adjusting for age, sex and industry among the deceased (IRR: 1.12). Conclusions The incidence of fatal occupational accidents was slightly higher in Denmark in the entire period. The difference could not be explained completely by sociodemographic differences or differences related to the labour market structure in the two countries, i.e. other factors (e.g. cultural) may play a role in producing the difference.

scholarly journals Early Impact of Social Distancing in Response to Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Hospitalizations for Acute Bronchiolitis in Infants in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederico Friedrich ◽  
Renata Ongaratto ◽  
Marcelo C Scotta ◽  
Tiago N Veras ◽  
Renato T Stein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Incidence Rate Ratio ◽  
Social Experiences ◽  
Acute Bronchiolitis ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Health Database

Abstract Background Interventions to tackle the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may affect the burden of other respiratory diseases. Considering the repercussions of these unique social experiences to infant health, this study aims to assess the early impact of social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital admissions for acute bronchiolitis. Methods Data from hospitalizations of acute bronchiolitis in infants <1 year of age were obtained from the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Public Health database for the period between 2016 and 2020. These data were also analyzed by macroregions of Brazil (North, Northeast, Southeast, South, and Midwest). To evaluate the effect of social distancing strategy on the incidence of acute bronchiolitis, the absolute and relative reductions were calculated by analyzing the yearly subsets of 2016 vs 2020, 2017 vs 2020, 2018 vs 2020, and 2019 vs 2020. Results There was a significant reduction in all comparisons, ranging from −78% (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.22 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .20–.24]) in 2016 vs 2020 to −85% (IRR, 0.15 [95% CI, .13–.16]) in 2019 vs 2020, for the data from Brazil. For analyses by macroregions, the reduction varied from −58% (IRR, 0.41 [95% CI, .37–.45]) in the Midwest in 2016 vs 2020 to −93% (IRR, 0.07 [95% CI, .06–.08]) in the South in 2019 vs 2020. Conclusions There was a significant reduction in hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in children <1 year old in Brazil, on the order of >70% for most analysis. Our data suggest an important impact of social distancing on reducing the transmission of viruses related to acute bronchiolitis. Such knowledge may guide strategies for prevention of viral spread.

scholarly journals Reduction in invasive pneumococcal disease following implementation of the conjugate vaccine in the Oxfordshire region, England

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dona Foster ◽  
A. Sarah Walker ◽  
John Paul ◽  
David Griffiths ◽  
Kyle Knox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Incidence Rate Ratio ◽  
Herd Effect ◽  
The Us ◽  
Ongoing Surveillance ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to seven capsular types has been highly effective in the US since its introduction in 2000. The same vaccine was adopted by the UK in 2006. Ongoing surveillance since 1995 of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Oxfordshire, UK, allowed assessment of the impact of vaccine intervention. The vaccine significantly reduced IPD among the target group, children under 2 years of age; incidence rate ratio (IRR)=0.62 (95 % CI 0.43–0.90) (P=0.008) comparing the 3 years pre- and post-implementation with a residual incidence of 22.4/100 000 children. The reduction was even greater when comparing 11 years pre- with the 3 years post-implementation of vaccine; IRR=0.53 (0.39–0.70) (P<0.0001). There was a marked direct effect of the vaccine evidenced by substantial reductions in the seven serotypes contained in the vaccine. There was also a clear reduction in IPD for those serotypes contained in the vaccine among those older than 2 years when comparing both the 3 and 11 year pre-PCV7 time periods, with IRR=0.57 (0.47–0.69) (P<0.0001) and IRR=0.50 (0.43–0.58) (P<0.0001), respectively, indicating a strong herd effect. There was a significant, though moderate, rise in the serotypes not contained in the vaccine, with clear evidence for replacement in some serotypes.

Effect of radium-223 dichloride (Ra-223) on risk for and duration of hospitalization in ALSYMPCA by docetaxel (D) subgroup.

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (7_suppl) ◽  
pp. 254-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Cislo ◽  
Jonathan D. Reuning-Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Nursing Home ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Incidence Rate Ratio ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Radium 223

254 Background: In ALSYMPCA, the first-in-class alpha-emitting radiopharmaceutical Ra-223 significantly improved overall survival vs placebo (pbo) and was well tolerated in patients (pts) with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with symptomatic bone metastases and no visceral metastases regardless of prior D use. To understand whether treatment (tx) benefit in prior and no prior D subgroups relates to differences in health care resource utilization, hospitalization and other resource use were evaluated. Methods: Hospitalization, nursing home visit, home health care and adult day care services use, and physician visit data were captured. To account for differences in observation time due to differing survival, resource use was annualized for each pt. Mean number and duration of encounters/year were compared using t-tests. To compare tx groups based on rate of use/year, incidence rates and ratios were calculated using a generalized estimating equation regression model with covariates. Results: For prior D pts, hospitalization incidence rates for Ra-223 vs pbo were 1.18 vs 1.70 (incidence rate ratio = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.53-0.90; P = 0.006) and mean hospitalization days/year were 8.53 vs 16.51 (P = 0.001). Among prior D pts with ≥1 hospitalization, mean hospitalization days/year for Ra-223 vs pbo were 19.65 vs 33.02 (P = 0.003). For no prior D pts, hospitalization incidence rates for Ra-223 vs pbo were 1.02 vs 1.10 (incidence rate ratio = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.66-1.29; P = 0.643) and mean hospitalization days/year were 7.53 vs 12.11 (P = 0.027). Among no prior D pts with ≥1 hospitalization, mean hospitalization days/year for Ra-223 vs pbo pts were 19.12 vs 26.61 (P = 0.063). The only other tx differences were nursing home days/year and day care services/year in the no prior D subgroup, but t-test and regression results were inconsistent. Conclusions: In the prior D subgroup, Ra-223 pts experienced 8.0 fewer hospitalization days/pt/year, driven by a 31% reduction in hospitalization and shorter duration among pts hospitalized. In the no prior D subgroup, Ra-223 pts experienced 4.6 fewer hospitalization days/pt/year, primarily driven by a shorter duration among pts hospitalized. Clinical trial information: NCT00699751.

Abstract P305: Incidence of Coronary Artery Calcification and Its Association With Eicosapentaenoic Acids From The ERA JUMP Study

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Sekikawa ◽  
Hirotsugu Ueshima ◽  
David J Curb ◽  
Sunghee Lee ◽  
Chol Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Coronary Artery Calcification ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Incidence Rate Ratio ◽  
White Men ◽  
The Difference

Objectives: To compare incidence of coronary artery calcification (CAC) between men in Japan and the US and to examine whether marine n-3 fatty acids contribute to the difference in the incidence. Methods: The ERA JUMP Study is a population-based longitudinal study which has examined the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in Japanese, Japanese American and white men aged 40-49 at baseline in 2002-2007. Incident cases of CAC were defined as those with CAC score=zero at baseline (n=278: 167 Japanese and 111 whites) and CAC score ≥10 at follow-up. Mean follow-up years were 6.2 for Japanese and 4.6 for whites. Stepwise robust logistic regression was used to determine baseline predictors of CAC incidence in each group. Generalized linear model was used to examine whether the difference in risk factors and marine n-3 fatty acids at baseline between Japanese and whites contributed to the difference in incidence rates. Results: Baseline characteristics show that levels of risk factors were similar between the two groups including LDL-C and BP. Exceptions were higher rates of smoking in Japanese (49 vs. 7%) and higher levels of HDL-C in Japanese (54 vs. 49 mg/dL). Levels of marine n-3 fatty acids were 100+% higher in Japanese. Incidence rate was significantly lower in Japanese than in whites (0.9 for Japanese vs. 2.9 for whites (per 100 person years) p<0.01). Logistic regression analyses showed that predictors of CAC incidence were HDL-C, BMI, and triglycerides for whites and BP and eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA) for Japanese. Generalized linear model showed that incidence rate ratio was 0.606 after adjusting for age, follow-up time, BMI, BP, HDL-C, LDL-C, and smoking (p<0.01), which remained significant after further adjusting for other risk factors. However, after further adjusting for EPA, the statistical significance disappeared (p=0.07). ( Table ) Conclusions: CAC incidence is significantly lower in Japanese than in white men. The data suggest that high levels of EPA contribute to the lower CAC incidence in Japanese. Table. Incidence rate ratio of coronary artery calcification between Japanese men and white men (n=278) Incidence rate ratio between two groups (95% CI) (Japanese vs. whites) p -value Model I 0.606 (0.427, 0.861) <0.01 Model II 0.571 (0.392, 0.830) <0.01 Model III 0.669 (0.431, 1.038) 0.07 Model I: Adjusted for age, follow-up time, BMI, BP sys, HDL-C pack-years of smoking and LDL-C Model II: Further adjusted for triglycerides, glucose, hypertension medication, lipid medication, CRP and alcohol Model III: Further adjusted for EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid)

scholarly journals Impact of infant 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on serotypes in adult pneumonia

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1632-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chamira Rodrigo ◽  
Thomas Bewick ◽  
Carmen Sheppard ◽  
Sonia Greenwood ◽  
Tricia M. Mckeever ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Pneumococcal Pneumonia ◽  
Incidence Rate Ratio ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Multiplex Immunoassay ◽  
Herd Protection ◽  
Pneumococcal Serotype ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Conjugate Vaccination

Infant 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV13) was introduced to the UK in 2010. Its impact on serotypes implicated in adult non-bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia is not known.Beginning in 2008, a 5-year prospective cohort study of adults admitted to hospital with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) was conducted. Pneumococcal serotype was established using a validated multiplex immunoassay (Bio-Plex; Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).The overall incidence for hospitalised CAP and pneumococcal CAP was 79.9 (95% CI 76.6–83.3) and 23.4 (95% CI 21.6–25.3) per 100 000 population, respectively. A decline in CAP (incidence rate ratio (IRR) per year 0.96, 95% CI 0.94–0.99; p=0.016) and pneumococcal CAP (IRR per year 0.84, 95% CI 0.80–0.89; p<0.001) was observed over the 5-year period of the study. Between the pre- and post-PCV13 periods of the study, the incidence of CAP due to serotypes included in the PCV7 declined by 88% (IRR 0.12, 95% CI 0.08–0.20; p<0.001), and CAP due to the additional 6 serotypes in PCV13 declined by 30% (IRR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51–0.96; p=0.024).Incidence of adult pneumococcal pneumonia declined over the last 5 years, with serotypes included in PCV13 declining post-PCV13 introduction, indicating early herd protection effects from PCV13 infant vaccination on adult non-bacteraemic disease. These effects may accrue over the coming years with implications for national pneumococcal vaccination policies in adults.

ATTITUDE TO OPEN ACCESS IN RUSSIAN SCHOLARLY COMMUNITY: 2018. SURVEY RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. K. Razumova ◽  
N. N. Litvinova ◽  
M. E. Shvartsman ◽  
A. Yu. Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Open Access Publishing ◽  
Scholarly Community ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
The Uk ◽  
High Level ◽  
Access Policies

Introduction. The paper presents survey results on the awareness towards and practice of Open Access scholarly publishing among Russian academics.Materials and Methods. We employed methods of statistical analysis of survey results. Materials comprise results of data processing of Russian survey conducted in 2018 and published results of the latest international surveys. The survey comprised 1383 respondents from 182 organizations. We performed comparative studies of the responses from academics and research institutions as well as different research areas. The study compares results obtained in Russia with the recently published results of surveys conducted in the United Kingdom and Europe.Results. Our findings show that 95% of Russian respondents support open access, 94% agree to post their publications in open repositories and 75% have experience in open access publishing. We did not find any difference in the awareness and attitude towards open access among seven reference groups. Our analysis revealed the difference in the structure of open access publications of the authors from universities and research institutes. Discussion andConclusions. Results reveal a high level of awareness and support to open access and succeful practice in the open access publications in the Russian scholarly community. The results for Russia demonstrate close similarity with the results of the UK academics. The governmental open access policies and programs would foster the practical realization of the open access in Russia.

Perbedaan Metode Three Compartement Sink dengan Air Panas dan Larutan Klorin terhadap Angka Kuman Alat Makan di RSU Queen Latifa

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-130
Author(s):  
Rifatun Hasanah ◽  
Setyowati Setyowati ◽  
Noor Tifauzah
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
T Test ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Independent Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hospital Use

Background:One of the efforts in preventing congenital food disease is by washing the cutlery perfectly. The cutlery used by patients with infectious diseases should be noted more, because it has a risk in disease transmission through cutlery. The process of washing the cutlery for infected patients in Queen Latifa Hospital use three compartement sink method with hot water, while the three compartement sink method with clorine solvent has never been tested. Purpose: Research was to determine the difference in the number of germs in the tool was washed using three compartement sink method with hot water and with clorine solvent. Method:Types of research is experiment with rancangan percobaan acak kelompok (RAK). The object of this research is 4 plates and 4 bowls. The number of experimental units in this research were 2 treatments x 2 cutlery x 2 checks x 2 reapetitions = 16 experimental units. The analysis used independent t-test with 95% confidence level. Result :The average number of germs in the cutlery washed using the three compartment sink method with hot water was 1 x 101 cfu / cm2, whereas with chlorine solvent is 0.2 cfu / cm2. Independent test t-test shows p = 0.049 which means the hypothesis is accepted. onclusion : There are differences in the number of germs in the washing cutlery using the three compartment sink method with hot water and with chlorine solvent.   Keywords: number of germs, cutlery, three compartment sink

Perbedaan Metode Three Compartement Sink dengan Air Panas dan Larutan Klorin terhadap Angka Kuman Alat Makan di RSU Queen Latifa

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Rifatun Hasanah ◽  
Setyowati Setyowati ◽  
Noor Tifauzah
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
T Test ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Independent Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hospital Use

Background:One of the efforts in preventing congenital food disease is by washing the cutlery perfectly. The cutlery used by patients with infectious diseases should be noted more, because it has a risk in disease transmission through cutlery. The process of washing the cutlery for infected patients in Queen Latifa Hospital use three compartement sink method with hot water, while the three compartement sink method with clorine solvent has never been tested. Purpose: Research was to determine the difference in the number of germs in the tool was washed using three compartement sink method with hot water and with clorine solvent. Method:Types of research is experiment with rancangan percobaan acak kelompok (RAK). The object of this research is 4 plates and 4 bowls. The number of experimental units in this research were 2 treatments x 2 cutlery x 2 checks x 2 reapetitions = 16 experimental units. The analysis used independent t-test with 95% confidence level. Result :The average number of germs in the cutlery washed using the three compartment sink method with hot water was 1 x 101 cfu / cm2, whereas with chlorine solvent is 0.2 cfu / cm2. Independent test t-test shows p = 0.049 which means the hypothesis is accepted. Conclusion : There are differences in the number of germs in the washing cutlery using the three compartment sink method with hot water and with chlorine solvent.

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