scholarly journals Evolution of Antennapedia-Class Homeobox Genes

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianzhi Zhang ◽  
Masatoshi Nei
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Homeobox Genes ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Gene Arrangement ◽  
Gene Duplications ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Antennapedia (Antp)-class homeobox genes are involved in the determination of pattern formation along the anterior-posterior axis of the animal embryo. A phylogenetic analysis of Antp-class homeodomains of the nematode, Drosophila, amphioxus, mouse, and human indicates that the 13 cognate group genes of this gene family can be divided into two major groups, i.e., groups I and II. Group I genes can further be divided into subgroups A (cognate groups 1–2), B (cognate group 3), and C (cognate groups 4–8), and group II genes can be divided into subgroups D (cognate groups 9–10) and E (cognate groups 11–13), though this classification is somewhat ambiguous. Evolutionary distances among different amino acid sequences suggest that the divergence between group I and group II genes occurred ∼1000 million years (MY) ago, and the five different subgroups were formed by ∼600 MY ago, probably before the divergence of Pseudocoelomates (e.g., nematodes) and Coelomates (e.g., insects and chordates). Our results show that the genes that are phylogenetically close are also closely located in the chromosome, suggesting that the colinearity between the gene expression and gene arrangement was generated by successive tandem gene duplications and that the gene arrangement has been maintained by some sort of selection.

scholarly journals The Doubly Phosphorylated Form of HPr, HPr(Ser-P)(His∼P), Is Abundant in Exponentially Growing Cells of Streptococcus thermophilus and Phosphorylates the Lactose Transporter LacS as Efficiently as HPr(His∼P)

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 1364-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armelle Cochu ◽  
Denis Roy ◽  
Katy Vaillancourt ◽  
Jean-Dominique LeMay ◽  
Israël Casabon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Domains ◽  
Streptococcus Thermophilus ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Phosphotransferase System ◽  
Phosphorylated Form ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

ABSTRACT In Streptococcus thermophilus, lactose is taken up by LacS, a transporter that comprises a membrane translocator domain and a hydrophilic regulatory domain homologous to the IIA proteins and protein domains of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS). The IIA domain of LacS (IIALacS) possesses a histidine residue that can be phosphorylated by HPr(His∼P), a protein component of the PTS. However, determination of the cellular levels of the different forms of HPr, namely, HPr, HPr(His∼P), HPr(Ser-P), and HPr(Ser-P)(His∼P), in exponentially lactose-growing cells revealed that the doubly phosphorylated form of HPr represented 75% and 25% of the total HPr in S. thermophilus ATCC 19258 and S. thermophilus SMQ-301, respectively. Experiments conducted with [32P]PEP and purified recombinant S. thermophilus ATCC 19258 proteins (EI, HPr, and IIALacS) showed that IIALacS was reversibly phosphorylated by HPr(Ser-P)(His∼P) at a rate similar to that measured with HPr(His∼P). Sequence analysis of the IIALacS protein domains from several S. thermophilus strains indicated that they can be divided into two groups on the basis of their amino acid sequences. The amino acid sequence of IIALacS from group I, to which strain 19258 belongs, differed from that of group II at 11 to 12 positions. To ascertain whether IIALacS from group II could also be phosphorylated by HPr(His∼P) and HPr(Ser-P)(His∼P), in vitro phosphorylation experiments were conducted with purified proteins from Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 25975, which possesses a IIALacS very similar to group II S. thermophilus IIALacS. The results indicated that S. salivarius IIALacS was phosphorylated by HPr(Ser-P)(His∼P) at a higher rate than that observed with HPr(His∼P). Our results suggest that the reversible phosphorylation of IIALacS in S. thermophilus is accomplished by HPr(Ser-P)(His∼P) as well as by HPr(His∼P).

scholarly journals Organellar Introns in Fungi, Algae, and Plants

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2001
Author(s):  
Jigeesha Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Georg Hausner
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Heterologous Gene Expression ◽  
Group I Introns ◽  
Group Ii Introns ◽  
Homing Endonucleases ◽  
Organellar Genomes ◽  
Chloroplast Genomes ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Introns are ubiquitous in eukaryotic genomes and have long been considered as ‘junk RNA’ but the huge energy expenditure in their transcription, removal, and degradation indicate that they may have functional significance and can offer evolutionary advantages. In fungi, plants and algae introns make a significant contribution to the size of the organellar genomes. Organellar introns are classified as catalytic self-splicing introns that can be categorized as either Group I or Group II introns. There are some biases, with Group I introns being more frequently encountered in fungal mitochondrial genomes, whereas among plants Group II introns dominate within the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes. Organellar introns can encode a variety of proteins, such as maturases, homing endonucleases, reverse transcriptases, and, in some cases, ribosomal proteins, along with other novel open reading frames. Although organellar introns are viewed to be ribozymes, they do interact with various intron- or nuclear genome-encoded protein factors that assist in the intron RNA to fold into competent splicing structures, or facilitate the turn-over of intron RNAs to prevent reverse splicing. Organellar introns are also known to be involved in non-canonical splicing, such as backsplicing and trans-splicing which can result in novel splicing products or, in some instances, compensate for the fragmentation of genes by recombination events. In organellar genomes, Group I and II introns may exist in nested intronic arrangements, such as introns within introns, referred to as twintrons, where splicing of the external intron may be dependent on splicing of the internal intron. These nested or complex introns, with two or three-component intron modules, are being explored as platforms for alternative splicing and their possible function as molecular switches for modulating gene expression which could be potentially applied towards heterologous gene expression. This review explores recent findings on organellar Group I and II introns, focusing on splicing and mobility mechanisms aided by associated intron/nuclear encoded proteins and their potential roles in organellar gene expression and cross talk between nuclear and organellar genomes. Potential application for these types of elements in biotechnology are also discussed.

scholarly journals Regarding operative treatment of thoracoabdominal injuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Dmitriy G. Amarantov ◽  
Mikhail F. Zarivchatsky ◽  
Andrey A. Kholodar ◽  
Andrey S. Nagaev ◽  
Oleg S. Gudkov
Keyword(s):  
Operative Treatment ◽  
Clinical Situation ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Quality Of Treatment ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
Group I ◽  
Thoracoabdominal Injuries ◽  
Group Ii

Aim. To improve the results of treatment in patients with thoracoabdominal injuries (TAI) by means of creating the method of determining indications for the use of classical or endoscopic surgeries in respect of this pathology. Materials and methods. Seventy-six sufferers from TAI were divided into 2 groups. Results. The method of successive determination of indications for the use of classical or endoscopic surgeries in patients with TAI was created on the basis of treatment of 41 (53.95 %) patients of group II. This method was used to treat 35 (46.05 %) patients of group I. Conclusions. Rational approach to the choice between the use of advantages of classical and endoscopic surgeries depending on characteristics of clinical situation permitted to elevate the quality of treatment in patients with TAI.

57 DIETARY CLA SUPPLEMENTATION AFFECTS LUTEAL GENE EXPRESSION AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATION IN CATTLE

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
H. Stinshoff ◽  
E. Onnen-Lübben ◽  
S. Wilkening ◽  
A. Hanstedt ◽  
H. Bollwein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Oral Supplementation ◽  
Group I ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
Gene Transcripts ◽  
Group Ii

Shortly after parturition the metabolic situation of high-yielding dairy cows is often dominated by a negative energy balance. These effects affect the whole animal and may especially be detected in the reproductive tract, where they result in reduced fertility. An oral supplementation with dietary fats is often used to counteract by reducing milk fat content and, thus, supplying the individual animal with an increased amount of energy. The focus of the present study was to analyse the effects of an oral supplementation with conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) on corpus luteum (CL) function. Healthy Holstein-Friesian cows and heifers were randomly allocated to 2 treatment groups (Group 1: 50 g of CLA day–1 per animal, 2 heifers, 6 cows; Group 2: 100 g of CLA day–1 per animal, 2 heifers, 6 cows) and 1 control group (Ctl; 0 g of CLA day–1 per animal, 3 heifers, 4 cows). Feeding of the supplement began shortly after calving. After calving, all animals were subjected to a standard synchronisation protocol and experienced AI on Day 59 ± 3. Following AI, transvaginal biopsies of the corpus luteum were obtained of pregnant (Group I: n = 4; Group II: n = 4; Ctl: n = 4) and nonpregnant (Group I: n = 4; Group II: n = 4; Ctl: n = 3) animals on Days 6, 13 and 20 post-AI. Animals deemed pregnant on Day 28 were again biopsied on Day 42. Additionally, blood samples were taken from the vena sacralis mediana at the time of each biopsy. The biopsies were analysed regarding the relative abundance of 8 gene transcripts (VEGF, ECE1, PLA2G4A, PTGS2, PTGFR, PPARG, STAR and HSD3B1) via RT-qPCR. Blood samples were analysed for their concentration of progesterone through a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Statistical analysis for both datasets was performed via a 3-way ANOVA with adjoining Tukey test. The expression of 7 of these genes was affected by 1, 2, or all 3 of the following factors: day of cycle (VEGF, ECE1, PLA2G4A, PTGFR, STAR and HSD3B1), pregnancy status (ECE1, PTGFR and HSD3B1) and CLA supplementation (ECE1, PTGS2, PTGFR, STAR and HSD3B1). The effects of the CLA supplementation could be seen as a down-regulation in the mentioned gene transcripts. Progesterone concentrations differed significantly in dependency of the pregnancy status (significantly higher in pregnant vs nonpregnant individuals) of the animals, as well as during the days of the oestrous cycle (physiological progesterone curve with highest values on Day 13 of these samples). An effect of the oral supplementation with CLA could be detected during the early luteal phase (Day 6) where animals that had received 100 g of CLA day–1 had a significantly lower blood progesterone concentration than those receiving 50 g of CLA day–1 or no CLA. In conclusion, dietary CLA supplementation has an effect on luteal gene expression and functionality. The authors thank the DFG (German Research Foundation) for their financial support (PAK286/1; WR154/1-1).

Arginine biosynthesis inCampylobacter jejuniTGH9011: determination of theargCOBDcluster

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 959-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Kurt Hani ◽  
David Ng ◽  
Voon-Loong Chan
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Functional Complementation ◽  
Gene Arrangement ◽  
Arginine Biosynthesis ◽  
Biosynthetic Genes ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Plasmid Library ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Arginine biosynthetic genes from Campylobacter jejuni TGH9011 were cloned by functional complementation of the respective Escherichia coli arginine biosynthetic mutants. Complementation of argA, argB, argC, argD, argE, argF, and argH auxotrophs was accomplished using a pBR322-based C. jejuni TGH9011 plasmid library. By cross-complementation analyses, the first four steps of arginine biosynthesis were shown to be closely linked on the genome. Two additional clones complementing the first (ArgA) and fifth (ArgE) steps in arginine biosynthesis were obtained. Neither recombinant showed linkage to the arg cluster, to each other, nor to other arginine biosynthetic functions by cross-complementation. Genes argF and argH were not linked to other arginine biosynthetic genes by cross-complementation analysis. Restriction enzyme patterns of recombinant plasmids fell into five groups. Group I contained the arg(ABCD) complementing locus. Group II and Group III were the two genetic loci corresponding to the argA and argE complementing genes. Group II contains the hipO gene encoding N-benzoylglycine-amino-acid amidohydrolase, also known as hippurate hydrolase. Group III contains the hipO homolog of C. jejuni. Group IV represents the argF gene. GroupV is the argH gene. Functional complementation of mutations in the first four steps of the arginine biosynthetic pathway was obtained on recombinant plasmid pARGC2. The predicted order of gene complementation was argCargA(argBargD). The sequence of the insert in plasmid pARGC2 revealed direct homologs for argC, argB, and argD. However, sequence analysis of the gene complementing ArgA function in two separate E. coli argA mutants determined that the C. jejuni gene was not a canonical argA gene. The gene complementing the argA defect, which we call argO, showed limited homology to the streptothricin acetyltransferase gene (sat) of Escherichia coli. The flanking open reading frames in pARGC2 showed no homologies to arginine biosynthetic genes. The structure of the argCOBD gene arrangement is discussed with reference to the presence and location of other arginine biosynthetic genes on the genome of C. jejuni and other bacterial organisms.Key words: arginine synthesis, Campylobacter jejuni, arginine biosynthetic genes, gene sequence, gene arrangement.

scholarly journals Investigation of Two Evolutionarily Unrelated Halocarboxylic Acid Dehalogenase Gene Families

1999 ◽  
Vol 181 (8) ◽  
pp. 2535-2547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja E. Hill ◽  
Julian R. Marchesi ◽  
Andrew J. Weightman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Group I ◽  
Silent Genes ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Almost All

ABSTRACT Dehalogenases are key enzymes in the metabolism of halo-organic compounds. This paper describes a systematic approach to the isolation and molecular analysis of two families of bacterial α-halocarboxylic acid (αHA) dehalogenase genes, called group I and group II deh genes. The two families are evolutionarily unrelated and together represent almost all of the αHAdeh genes described to date. We report the design and evaluation of degenerate PCR primer pairs for the separate amplification and isolation of group I and II dehgenes. Amino acid sequences derived from 10 of 11 group Ideh partial gene products of new and previously reported bacterial isolates showed conservation of five residues previously identified as essential for activity. The exception, DehD from a Rhizobium sp., had only two of these five residues. Group II deh gene sequences were amplified from 54 newly isolated strains, and seven of these sequences were cloned and fully characterized. Group II dehalogenases were stereoselective, dechlorinating l- but not d-2-chloropropionic acid, and derived amino acid sequences for all of the genes exceptdehII°P11 showed conservation of previously identified essential residues. Molecular analysis of the twodeh families highlighted four subdivisions in each, which were supported by high bootstrap values in phylogenetic trees and by enzyme structure-function considerations. Group Ideh genes included two putative cryptic or silent genes, dehI°PP3 anddehI°17a, produced by different organisms. Group II deh genes included two cryptic genes and an active gene, dehII PP3, that can be switched off and on. All αHA-degrading bacteria so far described were Proteobacteria, a result that may be explained by limitations either in the host range fordeh genes or in isolation methods.

Prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia in multiple pregnancy

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
T.G. Romanenko ◽  
◽  
O.V. Morozova ◽  
O.M. Sulimenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Multiple Pregnancy ◽  
Erythrocyte Membranes ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Multiple Pregnancies ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

The objective: to reduce the frequency and severity of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in multiple pregnancies by optimizing its prevention, treatment and proving the effectiveness and safety of the therapy. Materials and methods. 90 pregnant women were under observation. The control group (CG) consisted of 30 pregnant women with one fetus, group I – 30 women with multiple pregnancies who did not use the recommended therapy, group II – 30 women with multiple pregnancies, conducted according to our proposed method. The effectiveness of therapy was evaluated weekly by subjective evaluation of improvement and according to laboratory parameters of peripheral blood. General clinical methods included clinical, general blood analysis and determination of serum iron, quantitative determination of the concentration of sulfhydryl groups and lipoproteins in erythrocyte elements of peripheral blood, studied the surface architecture of erythrocyte membranes. Results. There was a significant reduction in the frequency and severity of IDA in pregnant women of group II in 1.6 times.Diagnosed with a significant increase in the number of discocytes (group I 67.340.81; group II 84.531.04; p<0.05), a decrease in the number of ellipses (group I 0.990.05; group II 0.600.05; p<0.05); flat disks (group I 0.870.07; group II 0.560.03; p<0.05); dome-shaped (I group 2.410.14; ІІ group 1.820,11; р<0.05) and spherical erythrocytes (І group 4.110.12; ІІ group 2.440, 13; p<0.05). Significant decrease in the number of transitional forms (group I 3.410.31%; group II 2.530.21; p<0.05); pre hemolytic (I group 2.410.14%; ІІ group 1.440.11%; р<0.05) and degenerative forms (І group 1.180.14%; ІІ group 0.520.03; p<0.05), as well as the ratio of the inner and outer diameters of erythrocytes (group I 66.710.91; group II 45.810.63; p<0.05). There was a significant increase in the ratio of sulfhydryl groups and lipoproteins in erythrocyte membranes. Conclusions. The complex composition of the drug Fersinol and Fersinol-Z, taking into account the effective antianemic action, can be considered optimal for the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency in multiple pregnancies and recommended for use in practical health care. Keywords: multiple pregnancy, iron deficiency anemia, prevention, treatment, Fersinol ampoules, Fersinol-Z capsules.

Apnea testing for the determination of brain death: a modified protocol

1992 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1029-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward C. Benzel ◽  
Jay P. Mashburn ◽  
Steven Conrad ◽  
Denise Modling
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Apnea Test ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Safe Approach ◽  
Apnea Testing ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The absence of spontaneous respirations at a PaCO2 of 60 mm Hg or above has traditionally been accepted as the respiratory criteria for the determination of brain death. The testing of patients for the presence or absence of apnea has been complicated because the rate of PaCO2 elevation may vary substantially from patient to patient, and a nonlinear relationship exists between the rate of PaCO2 increase and the duration of apnea. In an attempt to refine the apnea test and to further elucidate the physiology of hypercapnia in humans, 11 patients who met all but the respiratory criteria for brain death were evaluated using a modification of a previously utilized apnea testing protocol. All patients were brought to a PaCO2 of 40 mm Hg or above prior to the apnea test. Baseline PaCO2 ranged from 40 to 45 mm Hg in six patients (Group I) and from 46 to 51 mm Hg in five patients (Group II). The mean rate of PaCO2 increase was 5.1 ± 1.4 mm Hg/min in Group I and 6.7 ± 3.1 mm Hg/min in Group II. No problems with cardiovascular instability or hypoxia were encountered during testing in this series. This refinement of the apnea test allows for a streamlined and safe approach to brain death detection.

Proteomic analysis reveals developmentally expressed rice homologues of grass group II pollen allergens

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tursun Kerim ◽  
Nijat Imin ◽  
Jeremy J. Weinman ◽  
Barry G. Rolfe
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Protein Sequences ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Pollen Allergens ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Sequence Profiles

Three isoallergens of Ory s 2, homologues of grass group II pollen allergens, were identified from rice and characterised by proteome and immunochemical analyses. The N-terminal amino acid sequence profiles of three proteins on a 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gel of rice pollen proteins matched 100% to the protein sequences encoded by three rice expressed sequence tags (ESTs). The deduced protein sequences from these ESTs share sequence identities of 41–43% with the protein sequences of the group II pollen allergens of different grasses, and sequence identity of 39% with the C-terminal portion of rice group I pollen allergens. Signal peptide sequences, which are similar to the leader peptides of other major pollen allergens, are also present in the deduced amino acid sequences. Polyclonal antibodies, produced in rabbits using Ory s 2 proteins purified by 2-DE, were used to investigate the developmental-stage- and tissue-specific expression of Ory s 2 by immunochemical analysis. Results of immunochemical experiments show that Ory s 2 proteins are expressed only at the late stage of pollen development and they do not have cross-reactivity with group II pollen allergens from some other common grasses.

scholarly journals Remineralization potential of GC Tooth Mousse and GC Tooth Mousse plus on initial caries like lesion of primary Teeth – An in-vitro comparative evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Anshul ◽  
Kaushal Kishor Jha
Keyword(s):  
Group Iii ◽  
Initial Caries ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Tooth Mousse ◽  
Group 1

Aim: Teeth are constantly going through cycles of demineralization and remineralization. The ultimate goal of clinical intervention is the preservation of tooth structure and the prevention of lesion progression to the point where restoration is required. Thus promoting remineralization is the ultimate goal of clinical prevention of caries lesion. The present in vitro study aimed to investigate the efficacy of GC Tooth Mousse (CPP-ACP) and GC Tooth Mousse Plus (CPP-ACP)F  on artificial enamel caries in primary human teeth.   Methods and Material:    Sixty freshly extracted human primary anterior teeth were used in this study.      The root portion of 60 primary anterior teeth was separated from the crown portion at the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ)      Teeth samples were divided into 3 Groups (n=20 each). Group 1 as a control group, Group 2  GC Tooth Mousse, and Group 3 Tooth Mousse Plus containing dentifrices were used. Samples were subjected to 10 days of pH cycling protocol. The changes were analyzed using Vickers Hardness Testing Machine and SEM.    Pre and post groups were compared by paired t-test.  Independent groups were compared by one-way analysis of variance.   Result: Micro-morphological observations of the enamel surfaces with SEM :      Group 1 the enamel scanning showed shallow depressions and fine porosities within these depressions, Group 2 showed numerous granular particles and amorphous crystals which were arranged on the enamel surface. Smooth, homogeneous surface, and no irregularities were seen in Group 3. Surface Microhardness Evaluation   After treatment, the mean hardness Group III was the highest followed by  Group II and Group I (i.e. Group I < Group II < Group III).   Conclusion:  GC Tooth Mousse Plus showed a statistically significant amount of remineralization.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document