scholarly journals REPRODUCTION IN CAGE POPULATIONS OF A POLYMORPHISM REGULARLY OBSERVED IN THE NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER IN FRANCE

Genetics ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-759
Author(s):  
Annie Fleuriet
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Co2 Sensitivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Strong Forces

ABSTRACT Polymorphism for both alleles of a gene ref(2)P, which is a usual trait of French natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster, can be reproduced in experimental conditions. ref(2)P is a gene for resistance to the hereditary, noncontagious Rhabdovirus α, responsible for CO2 sensitivity in Drosophila melanogaster. The equilibrium frequencies observed in cages are the same as in the wild, whether α virus is present or not. The rapid rate of return to these equilibrium frequencies indicates that strong forces, which remain to be determined, are responsible for the maintenance of this polymorphism.

VARIATIONS BETWEEN STRAINS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER AND D. SIMULANS IN GIVING OFFSPRING IN INTERSPECIFIC CROSSES

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Set Up

Differences between strains set up from single inseminated founder females collected in the wild were found in both Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans, for the number of interspecific crosses giving offspring. The differences were mainly controlled by the strain of the female, but to a lesser extent by the strain of the male, especially in D. simulans. More crosses with offspring occurred over-all for female D. melanogaster strains, as compared with female D. simulans strains. The variability between strains implies that the founder females collected in the wild differ. Thus, in natural populations, there is variability determining the likelihood of offspring in interspecific crosses determined mainly by the strain of the females in the intraspecific populations.

scholarly journals Opposing Modes of Selection on the Alcohol Dehydrogenase Locus in Drosophila Melanogaster

1980 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Oakeshott ◽  
JB Gibson ◽  
PR Anderson ◽  
A Champ
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Survival Differences

Three experiments have been carried out which show that exogenous environments of ethanol impose selection on the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) locus of D. melanogaster. This locus is widely polymorphic for two alleles, AdhF and Adhs, and AdhF generally produces about twice as much alcohol dehydrogenase activity as Adhs. In the first experiment, AdhF IAdhF and AdhF/Adhs flies survived equally often and Adhs/Adhs flies less frequently after exposure for 7 days to medium impregnated with ethanol. The same pattern of survival differences was found in the second experiment in which flies were exposed for 1 day to an aqueous solution of ethanol and sucrose. In contrast, in the third experiment survival was scored after exposure for 45-min to ethanol fumes, and Adhs/ Adhs flies survived more often than AdhF/Adhs, both these genotypes surviving more frequently than Adh F / Adh F. We doubt whether anyone of the three experiments by itself adequately represents the ecology of natural populations of D. melanogaster exposed to ethanol. It is likely that mixtures of the three experimental conditions approximate more closely the natural environments and therefore we suggest that, overall, selection might favour intermediate levels of alcohol dehydrogenase activity, producing a net advantage for heterozygotes at the Adh locus.

scholarly journals Variance in the reproductive success of flat oyster Ostrea edulis L. assessed by parentage analyses in natural and experimental conditions

2010 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. LALLIAS ◽  
N. TARIS ◽  
P. BOUDRY ◽  
F. BONHOMME ◽  
S. LAPÈGUE
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
Ostrea Edulis ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Flat Oyster ◽  
Variance In Reproductive Success

SummaryIn order to document further the phenomena of variance in reproductive success in natural populations of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis, two complementary studies based on natural and experimental populations were conducted. The first part of this work was focused on paternity analyses using a set of four microsatellite markers for larvae collected from 13 brooding females sampled in Quiberon Bay (Brittany, France). The number of individuals contributing as the male parent to each progeny assay was highly variable, ranging from 2 to more than 40. Moreover, paternal contributions showed a much skewed distribution, with some males contributing to 50–100% of the progeny assay. The second part of this work consisted of the analysis of six successive cohorts experimentally produced from an acclimated broodstock (62 wild oysters sampled in the Quiberon Bay). Allelic richness was significantly higher in the adult population than in the temporal cohorts collected. Genetic differentiation (Fst estimates) was computed for each pair of samples and all significant values ranged from 0·7 to 11·9%. A limited effective number of breeders (generally below 25) was estimated in the six temporal cohorts. The study gives first indications of the high variance in reproductive success as well as a reduced effective size, not only under experimental conditions but also in the wild. Surprisingly, the pool of the successive cohorts, based on the low number of loci used, appeared to depict a random and representative set of alleles of the progenitor population, indicating that the detection of patterns of temporal genetic differentiation at a local scale most likely depends on the sampling window.

scholarly journals POLYMORPHISM OF THE HEREDITARY SIGMA VIRUS IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-465
Author(s):  
Annie Fleuriet
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Co2 Sensitivity ◽  
Genetic Types ◽  
Sigma Virus

ABSTRACT Previous studies have shown that, in natural French populations of Drosophila melanogaster, 10 to 20% of the flies are infected by the noncontagious, hereditary rhabdovirus sigma responsible for CO2 sensitivity. These populations are also polymorphic for two alleles [ref(2)Po and ref(2)Pp of a gene for resistance to the sigma virus. Evidence is given here that two viral genetic types, differing in their response to the ref(2)Pp allele, are present in these populations of flies; the most common type is only slightly sensitive to the ref(2)Pp allele.

scholarly journals Effect of engineering Hsp70 copy number on Hsp70 expression and tolerance of ecologically relevant heat shock in larvae and pupae of Drosophila melanogaster.

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (8) ◽  
pp. 1837-1844 ◽  
Author(s):  
M E Feder ◽  
N V Cartaño ◽  
L Milos ◽  
R A Krebs ◽  
S L Lindquist
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Insertion Site ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Hsp70 Expression ◽  
Extra Copy ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Single Insertion

To determine how the accumulation of the major Drosophila melanogaster heat-shock protein, Hsp70, affects inducible thermotolerance in larvae and pupae, we have compared two sister strains generated by site-specific homologus recombination. One strain carried 12 extra copies of the Hsp70 gene at a single insertion site (extra-copy strain) and the other carried remnants of the transgene construct but lacked the extra copies of Hsp70 (excision strain). Hsp70 levels in whole-body lysates of larvae and pupae were measured by ELISA with an Hsp70-specific antibody. In both extra-copy and excision strains, Hsp70 was undetectable prior to heat shock. Hsp70 concentrations were higher in the extra-copy strain than in the excision strain at most time points during and after heat shock. Pretreatment (i.e. exposure to 36 degrees C before heat shock) significantly improved thermotolerance, and this improvement was greater and more rapid in larvae and pupae of the extra-copy strain than in those of the excision strain. The experimental conditions resemble thermal regimes actually experienced by Drosophila in the field. Thus, these findings represent the best evidence to date that the amount of a heat-shock protein affects the fitness of a complex animal in the wild.

scholarly journals No evidence that relatedness or familiarity modulate male harm in wild Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Marquez-Rosado ◽  
Clara García-Có ◽  
Claudia Londoño-Nieto ◽  
Pau Carazo
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Kin Selection ◽  
Kin Recognition ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Male Competition ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Population Average ◽  
In The Wild

Sexual selection frequently promotes the evolution of aggressive behaviours that help males compete against their rivals, but which may harm females and hamper their fitness. Kin selection theory predicts that optimal male-male competition levels can be reduced when competitors are more genetically related to each other than to the population average, contributing to resolve this sexual conflict. Work in Drosophila melanogaster has spearheaded empirical tests of this idea, but studies so far have been conducted in lab-adapted populations in homogeneous rearing environments that may hamper kin recognition, and used highly skewed sex ratios that may fail to reflect average natural conditions. Here, we performed a fully factorial design with the aim of exploring how rearing environment (i.e. familiarity) and relatedness affect male-male aggression, male harassment, and overall male harm levels in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster, under more natural conditions. Namely, we: a) manipulated relatedness and familiarity so that larvae reared apart were raised in different environments, as is common in the wild, and b) studied the effects of relatedness and familiarity under average levels of male-male competition in the field. We show that, contrary to previous findings, groups of unrelated-unfamiliar males were as likely to fight with each other and harass females than related-familiar males, and that overall levels of male harm to females were similar across treatments. Our results suggest that the role of kin selection in modulating sexual conflict is yet unclear in Drosophila melanogaster, and call for further studies that focus on natural populations and realistic socio-sexual and ecological environments.

scholarly journals Female Genotypes Affect Sperm Displacement in Drosophila

Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 1487-1493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew G Clark ◽  
David J Begun
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Isogenic Line ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Sperm Displacement ◽  
Extensive Variation ◽  
Polymorphic Genes ◽  
Displacement Parameter ◽  
Competitive Success

Abstract Differential success of sperm is likely to be an important component of fitness. Extensive variation among male genotypes in competitive success of sperm in multiply mated females has been documented for Drosophila melanogaster. However, virtually all previous studies considered the female to be a passive vessel. Nevertheless, under certain conditions female fitness could be determined by her role in mediating use of sperm from multiple males. Here we ask whether females differ among genotypes in their tendency to exhibit last-male precedence. Competition of sperm from two tester male genotypes (bwD and B3-09, a third-chromosome isogenic line from Beltsville, MD) was quantified by doubly mating female lines that had been rendered homozygous for X, second, or third chromosomes isolated from natural populations. The composite sperm displacement parameter, P2′, was highly heterogeneous among lines, whether or not viability effects were compensated, implying the presence of polymorphic genes affecting access of sperm to eggs. Genetic variation of this type is completely neutral in the absence of pleiotropy or interaction between variation in the two sexes.

scholarly journals The Regulatory Properties of Autonomous Subtelomeric P Elements Are Sensitive to a Suppressor of variegation in Drosophila melanogaster

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 1663-1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Ronsseray ◽  
Monique Lehmann ◽  
Danielle Nouaud ◽  
Dominique Anxolabéhère
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
P Element ◽  
Single Element ◽  
Heterochromatin Protein 1 ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
P Elements ◽  
Associated Sequences ◽  
Regulatory Properties

Abstract Genetic recombination was used in Drosophila melanogaster to isolate P elements, inserted at the telomeres of X chromosomes (cytological site 1A) from natural populations, in a genetic background devoid of other P elements. We show that complete maternally inherited P repression in the germline (P cytotype) can be elicited by only two autonomous P elements at 1A and that a single element at this site has partial regulatory properties. The analysis of the surrounding chromosomal regions of the P elements at 1A shows that in all cases these elements are flanked by Telomeric Associated Sequences, tandemly repetitive noncoding sequences that have properties of heterochromatin. In addition, we show that the regulatory properties of P elements at 1A can be inhibited by some of the mutant alleles of the Su(var)205 gene and by a deficiency of this gene. However, the regulatory properties of reference P strains (Harwich and Texas 007) are not impaired by Su(var)205 mutations. Su(var)205 encodes Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1). These results suggest that the HP1 dosage effect on the P element properties is sitedependent and could involve the structure of the chromatin.

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