Higher C-Reactive Protein and Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Levels Are Associated With Poor Physical Function and Disability: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of a Cohort of Late Middle-Aged African Americans

Pendahuluan. Hemodialisis (HD) berkaitan erat dengan proses inflamasi yang persisten, inflamasi ini berhubungan dengan terjadinya kontak darah dengan membran dialisis, cairan dialisat, akses vaskuler dan infeksi. Peningkatan sitokin pro-inflamasi berperan penting terhadap terjadinya aterosklerosis selain faktor tradisional Framingham. Inflamasi juga berakibat anoreksia dan kondisi hiperkatabolik yang menyebabkan malnutrisi. Keadaan ini disebut sebagai Sindrom Malnutrisi-Inflamasi-Aterosklerosis. Karakteristik HD di Indonesia berbeda dengan negara maju, perbedaan tersebut terkait penggunaan dialyzer pakai ulang dan tipe low-flux, belum menggunakan dialisat ultrapure dan dosis HD yang tidak adekuat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat beda rerata antara jumlah Skor-MI, hsCRP dan sTNFR-1 pada pasien HD yang mengalami aterosklerosis.Metode. Desain studi potong lintang pada pasien HD yang dalam keadaan stabil yang sudah menjalani HD antara 3 bulan sampai 5 tahun di RSUP Fatmawati. Jumlah subyek 60 orang yang dikumpulkan dalam kurun waktu Desember 2013 sampai dengan Februari 2014. Pengambilan darah untuk memeriksa kadar hsCRP, albumin, TIBC dan sTNFR-1, selain itu menentukan status nutrisi dengan menggunakan skor malnutrisi-in􀃁amasi dan pemeriksaan USG doppler arteri Karotis untuk menentukan penebalan intima-media(CIMT). Analisis statistik dengan uji T dan uji Mann-Whitney.Hasil. Penelitian ini menunjukkan Skor-MI pada kelompok yang CIMT positif (aterosklerosis ) memiliki nilai median lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang non aterosklerosis demikian juga dengan kadar sTNFR-1, akan tetapi tidak bermakna secara statistik (p>0,05). Sedangkan kadar hsCRP didapatkan nilai median yang lebih rendah pada kelompok dengan CIMT yang positif tetapi tidak bermakna secara statistik (p>0,05).Simpulan.Tidak terdapat beda rerata antara Skor-MI, hsCRP dan sTNFR-1 dengan CIMT atau terjadinya aterosklerosis pada pasien HD.

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Decreased Antitoxic Activities among Children with Clinical Episodes of Malaria

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.66.4.1654-1659.1998 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 1654-1659 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Palle Høy Jakobsen ◽

Veronica McKay ◽

Ramou N’Jie ◽

Ben O. Olaleye ◽

Umberto D’Alessandro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽

Tumor Necrosis ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor ◽

Clinical Malaria ◽

Healthy Children ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Inflammatory Reactions ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Necrosis Factor

ABSTRACT Healthy Gambian children, children with clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria, and children with asymptomatic P. falciparum infections were studied to investigate whether antitoxic activities may contribute to protection against malarial symptoms. Markers of inflammatory reactions, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I, and C-reactive protein were found in high concentrations in children with symptomatic P. falciparummalaria compared with levels in children with asymptomatic P. falciparum infections or in healthy children, indicating that inflammatory reactions are induced only in children with clinical symptoms. Concentrations of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I and C-reactive protein were associated with levels of parasitemia. We detected antitoxic activities in sera as measured by their capacity to block toxin-induced Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) activation. Symptomatic children had decreased capacity to block induction of LAL activation by P. falciparum exoantigen. The decreased blocking activity was restored in the following dry season, when the children had no clinical malaria. Symptomatic children also had the highest immunoglobulin G (IgG) reactivities to conservedP. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 and “Pfalhesin” (band #3) peptides, indicating that such IgG antibodies are stimulated by acute disease but are lost rapidly after the disease episode. Half of the children with symptomatic infections had low levels of haptoglobin, suggesting that these children had chronicP. falciparum infections which may have caused symptoms previously. Only a few of the children with asymptomatic P. falciparum infections had high parasite counts, and antitoxic immunity in the absence of antiparasite immunity appears to be rare among children in this community.

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