scholarly journals Changing Time Horizons and Trust: Experiences of Aging With Hemophilia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
Tam Perry ◽  
Sara Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Blood Product ◽  
Social Withdrawal ◽  
Medical Providers ◽  
Blood Contamination ◽  
Safe Spaces ◽  
Time Horizons ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Product Manufacturing ◽  
Contaminated Blood ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Trust among those who have experienced a lifetime of medical encounters warrants attention to how trust is both cumulative and complex. This study of a historically isolated cohort incorporates interviews (n=25 older adults/professionals) and focus groups uses a lens of trust to highlight the experiences of those aging with hemophilia, individuals who never expected to age. Understood through the lens of trust, the data show evidence of the absence of safe spaces particularly during the early 80s - blood contamination concerns and homophobia-leading often to social withdrawal. Over time, however, some individuals and families created trusted venues to begin demanding research, treatment and policy change. Advocacy re-engaged the community to organize, educate and advance safety protocols for blood product manufacturing and distribution. This presentation will illuminate how experiences with medical providers, contaminated blood supplies, stigma and uncertain in other spheres of one’s life make trust a co-constructed, fragile concept.

How Passion in Entrepreneurship Develops Over Time: A Self-Regulation Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 104225872092989
Author(s):  
Maike Lex ◽  
Michael M. Gielnik ◽  
Matthias Spitzmuller ◽  
Gabriel H. Jacob ◽  
Michael Frese
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Time Horizons ◽  
Identity Centrality ◽  
Positive Feelings ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Over Time

We adopt a self-regulation perspective to present a model of the development of passion in entrepreneurship. We argue that entrepreneurial self-efficacy and performance influence the two components of passion—positive feelings and identity centrality—over shorter and longer time horizons, respectively. Furthermore, we argue for the recursive effects of passion on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and performance. Three longitudinal studies with measurements over three weeks ( n = 65) and three months ( n = 150 and n = 180) support our hypotheses. We contribute to a theory of passion that integrates the different time horizons over which the components of passion change.

scholarly journals The Decreasing Population Bias in Tornado Reports across the Central Plains

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Elsner ◽  
Laura E. Michaels ◽  
Kelsey N. Scheitlin ◽  
Ian J. Elsner
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Recent Period ◽  
City Center ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Country Report ◽  
Bias Model ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Population Bias ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Tornado–hazard assessment is hampered by a population bias in the available data. Here, the authors demonstrate a way to statistically quantify this bias using the ratio of city to country report densities. The expected report densities come from a model of the number of reports as a function of distance from the nearest city center. On average since 1950, reports near cities with populations of at least 1000 in a 5.5° latitude × 5.5° longitude region centered on Russell, Kansas, exceed those in the country by 70% [54%, 84%; 95% confidence interval (CI)]. The model is applied to 10-yr moving windows to show that the percentage is decreasing with time. Over the most recent period (2002–11), the tornado report density in the city is slightly fewer than 3 reports (100 km2)−1 (100 yr)−1, and this value is statistically indistinguishable from the report density in the country. On average, the population bias is less pronounced for Fujita (F) scale F0 tornadoes, but the bias disappears more quickly over time for the F1 and stronger tornadoes. The authors show evidence that this decline could be related in part to an increase in the number of storm chasers. The population-bias model can enhance the usefulness of the Storm Prediction Center's tornado database and help create more meaningful spatial climatologies.

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiome in Autism: Study-Site Effects and Longitudinal Analysis of Behavior Change

mSystems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Fouquier ◽  
Nancy Moreno Huizar ◽  
Jody Donnelly ◽  
Cody Glickman ◽  
Dae-Wook Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Social Withdrawal ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Research relating gut microbiome composition to autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has produced inconsistent results, indicative of the disorder’s complexity and the need for more sophisticated experimental designs. We address this need by (i) comparing gut microbiome composition between individuals with ASD and neurotypical controls in Arizona and Colorado using standardized DNA extraction and sequencing methods at both locations and (ii) longitudinally evaluating the gut microbiome’s relationship to autism behavioral severity, diet, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut microbiome composition differed between individuals in Arizona and individuals in Colorado, and gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly higher in ASD individuals than in neurotypical individuals in Arizona but not in Colorado. Gut microbiome composition was significantly associated with ASD while controlling for study-site location but not when controlling for gastrointestinal symptoms. This suggests that non-ASD-related study site differences in gut microbiome composition and different degrees of gastrointestinal symptoms involvement with ASD between sites may contribute to inconsistent results in the literature regarding the association between gut microbiome composition and ASD. In the longitudinal analysis, we found that difference in levels of lethargy/social withdrawal measured in individuals at different time points correlated with the degree of change in gut microbiome composition and that a worsening of inappropriate speech between time points was associated with decreased gut microbiome diversity. This relationship between changes in the gut microbiome composition within individuals and ASD behavioral severity metrics indicates that longitudinal study designs may be useful for exploring microbial drivers of ASD severity when substantial variability exists in baseline microbiome compositions across individuals and geographical regions. IMPORTANCE Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a brain developmental disorder with varying behavioral symptom severity both across individuals and within individuals over time. There have been promising but also inconsistent literature results regarding how the gut microbiota (microbiome) may be involved. We found that the gut microbiome in individuals with ASD is affected by study-site location as well as gastrointestinal symptom severity. When we sampled some individuals with ASD at several different time points, we found that some behaviors, such as lethargy/social withdrawal and inappropriate speech, changed along with changes in the gut microbiota composition. This is the first study to relate severity of behavior symptoms to gut microbiome composition within individuals over time and suggests a dynamic relationship between ASD-associated symptoms and gut microbes. Longitudinal study designs as well as collaborative efforts across multiple centers are needed to fully characterize the relationship between ASD and gut microbes.

Advanced Method for Mechanical Reliability Design

2012 ◽  
Vol 155-156 ◽  
pp. 756-760
Author(s):  
Xue Jie Fu ◽  
Bo Qiang Shi ◽  
Teng Fei Li
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Actual Situation ◽  
Mechanical Reliability ◽  
Accuracy Rate ◽  
Reliability Design ◽  
Time Horizons ◽  
Over Time

The damage or deterioration of the mechanical components is a complex and non-linear evolutionary process, but this evolution was not included into the traditional mechanical design method. Therefore, the reliability’s accuracy rate declined over time by this method. To describe the actual situation, combining the time-dependent design method and the maximum predictable time theory, a new design method is presented. By using this method, the reliability of all time horizons can be gained to predict the trend of key parts’ reliability for all machines. This research can also provide a basis for maintenance of machine.

The snowball effect: Friendship moderates escalations in depressed affect among avoidant and excluded children

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Bukowski ◽  
Brett Laursen ◽  
Betsy Hoza
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Social Withdrawal ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Cascade Model ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Depressed Affect ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Snowball Effect

AbstractA three-wave longitudinal study conducted with preadolescent boys and girls (N = 231 at Time 1 [T1]) was used to assess the hypotheses that aspects of social withdrawal would be predictors of a “snowball” cascade of depressed affect, and that friendship experiences would moderate these effects. Consistent with these hypotheses, multilevel modeling showed that measures of avoidance and exclusion at T1 were associated with concurrent levels of depressed affect and were antecedent to escalating trajectories of depressed affect over time. These accelerating growth curves fit a snowball cascade model. The analyses also showed the protective effects of friendship. Specifically, the snowball effect was limited to avoidant and excluded children who were friendless. Depressed affect did not increase among avoidant and excluded children who were friended.

DISCOUNTING, RISK, AND UNCERTAINTY IN NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENTS

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (1) ◽  
pp. 1157-1161
Author(s):  
Steve Hampton ◽  
Matthew Zafonte
Keyword(s):  
Time Preference ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Review Time ◽  
Restoration Project ◽  
Time Horizons ◽  
The Future ◽  
Scaling Methods ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Federal Guidelines ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Restoration-based scaling methods, such as Habitat or Resource Equivalency Analysis (HEA or REA), quantify lost resource services from an injury and gained resource services from a restoration project into the future. In many cases, the injury and/or the restoration project are projected to last several decades or even into perpetuity. Following economic theory and federal guidelines, resources provided (or lost) in the future are discounted at some specified rate, usually 3%. This paper reviews the role and significance of discounting in restoration scaling. We review time preference, inter generational concerns, risk, and uncertainty as rationales for discounting, and examine various discounting formulations (e.g. constant and hyperbolic). We present several quantitative examples in a restoration-scaling context regarding different discounting approaches. We conclude that, while the specification of the discount rate can have a large effect on restoration scaling calculations with long time horizons, incorporation of risk and uncertainty of restoration project benefits over time can overwhelm the effect of alternative specifications of time preference.

Frequency effects over the lifespan: a case study of Attenborough’s r’s

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Community Change ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis paper uses a small-scale case study of the speech of a single speaker at two points in time to investigate the question of whether and how speakers’ mental representations change over their lives. Specifically, I test two predictions of usage-based models of phonological representation: that individuals surrounded by a changing community will show the community change in their own production, and that this individual-level change will show an effect of item frequency. The community change under study is the loss in English Received Pronunciation of [ɾ] as a realization of /ɹ/; the speaker studied is Sir David Attenborough, a well-known British nature documentary narrator. I find that Attenborough’s narrations do not show evidence of him participating in the community change away from [ɾ] over time; however, he does show a different sort of change, by which he increases his rate of [ɾ] in high-frequency collocations in later life. I propose that this result may be attributable to Attenborough’s mental representation of high-frequency collocations becoming more word-like over time. The results speak to questions about the malleability of mental representations and the role of the individual language user in cases of community change.

Rethinking the Notion of Reciprocal Exchange in International Negotiation: Sino-American Relations, 1969–1997

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Negotiation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Reciprocal Exchange ◽  
Time Horizons ◽  
General Explanation ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIntuition takes us only so far in understanding the particular obligations that states presume in reciprocity relationships. As a result, we know fairly little about who owes precisely what to whom, and on what schedule. Two polar patterns, specific and diffuse reciprocity, have been identified that answer these questions. Yet in some relationships, the parties do not expect one-for-one exchanges (the pattern that characterizes specific reciprocity) or exchanges very loosely matched in terms of both equivalence and value (the pattern that characterizes diffuse reciprocity). In this article, we develop a general explanation of the causes and consequences of reciprocal exchange. We argue that actors' expectations about time horizons and the degree to which they anticipate a reliable stream of benefits from a relationship drive their assumptions about the value and timing of trades, creating four distinct patterns of reciprocal exchange. This argument helps us understand how actors perceive their obligations, others' obligations, and thus, the content of cooperative and noncooperative behavior. Differentiating these types also allows us to infer what is likely to serve as effective bargaining leverage across situations. We use this argument to interpret the past three decades of Sino-American relations. While there is a large literature on this relationship, our argument illuminates the sources and consequences of various sets of expectations by each party over time.

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