scholarly journals Workplace Demands and Cognitive Health Inequities Across Race and Ethnicity: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 24-24
Author(s):  
Ernest Gonzales ◽  
Rachel Krutchen ◽  
Cliff Whetung ◽  
Jane Lee
Keyword(s):  
Critical Race Theory ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Minority Stress ◽  
Health Inequities ◽  
Mental Work ◽  
Cognitive Health ◽  
Critical Theories ◽  
Occupational Complexity ◽  
Longitudinal Association

Abstract This PRISMA informed scoping review sought to understand the longitudinal association between workplace demands with cognitive health; and to review how race and ethnicity are investigated in this area of research and evidence of moderating effects. Peer-reviewed articles were drawn from five databases. Inclusion criteria were populations aged 18+, broad conceptualization of workplace demands (e.g., occupational complexity, mental work demands), and cognitive health outcomes (e.g., cognitive functioning, ADRD). The majority of studies drew from theories that did not interrogate heterogeneity and diverse aging experiences. Consequently, the majority of studies (85%) did not investigate inequities by race and ethnicity although variables and methods are available. Cognitive health inequities are evidenced but findings are mixed and more rigorous causal research is needed. We discuss integrating emerging critical theories (e.g. Critical Race Theory, critical gerontology, minority stress) to sharpen the focus on racial health inequities in an emerging area of prevention research.

scholarly journals Achieving Health Equity by Addressing Legacies of Racial Violence in Public Health Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 694 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Darrell Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Critical Race Theory ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Black People ◽  
Public Health Practice ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Health Inequities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Critical Race ◽  
Historical Factors

Health equity means that everyone, regardless of their abilities, economic status, or race/ethnicity, has the opportunity to reach their optimal level of health. However, the inequitable distribution of resources, power, and privilege in the United States means that historically marginalized communities bear a disproportionate burden of poor health and disease. The COVID-19 pandemic has compounded the problem for Black Americans: already bearing an unequal burden of social, economic, and health inequities and experiencing systemic racism in various sectors of American life, Black Americans have been at even greater risk of COVID-19 transmission and severity of the disease. I use critical race theory (CRT) to show how key social and historical factors fuel racial health inequities. Further, I use key tenets of CRT to argue that redressing historical legacies of racism cannot be done without using a critical, race conscious lens and lifting up the voices of Black people.

10. Race, ethnicities, and the criminal justice system

2021 ◽  
pp. 273-307
Author(s):  
Neena Samota
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Critical Race Theory ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Justice System ◽  
State Level ◽  
System P ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk

This chapter explores the broader context and history of race-related issues in the UK, considering why racial disparities persist in diverse societies like the US, Australia, Canada, and the UK, before narrowing the focus to race and ethnicity in the sphere of crime and criminal justice. The concepts of ‘race’ and ‘ethnicity’ have long played major roles in both classroom and broader societal discussions about crime, punishment, and justice, but they have arguably never been more present and visible than today. The chapter looks at the problems with the statistics available on race, ethnicity, and crime, noting the ways in which they may not tell the whole story, before considering the statistics themselves as the chapter discusses the relationships between ethnicity and victimisation and offending. It then moves on to how ethnic minorities experience the various elements of the criminal justice system and the disadvantages they often face, before outlining the attempts that have been made to address these disparities at a state level. Finally, the chapter discusses critical race theory, a key theory in modern criminological examinations of race and its relationship to crime and justice, which grew out of the US but has much broader value and relevance as a framework of analysis.

Does Sexual Orientation Relate to Health and Well-Being? Analysis of Adults 50+ Years of Age

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1282-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christi L Nelson ◽  
Ross Andel
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Minority Stress ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Risk Behaviors ◽  
Cognitive Health ◽  
Stress Theory ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
Design And Methods

Abstract Background and Objectives Based on the Minority Stress Theory, this article examines the associations between sexual orientation and self-reported measures of physical, mental, and cognitive health, as well as health risk behaviors. Research Design and Methods The analytical sample included members of the 2016 wave of the Health and Retirement Study aged 50+ years. Binary and ordered logistic regressions were conducted to assess whether being a sexual minority was associated with poorer self-rated physical, mental, and cognitive health, as well as being more likely to engage in health risk behaviors. Results In analyses using overall and propensity-matched samples, lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) participants were about twice as likely to report ever having depression as their heterosexual counterparts but were also more likely to report better self-rated health. The LGB group was more likely to report ever having smoked but were not significantly different in any of the other health risk behaviors. Discussion and Implications LGB individuals appear to be at greater risk of ever experiencing depression than heterosexual individuals but, at the same time, report better physical health. This may suggest a tendency for resilience. Differences in health risk behavior may also exist. Mental health and other medical professionals should receive special training to better understand the unique problems of LGB individuals.

scholarly journals Colour-blind educational leadership policy: A critical race theory analysis of school principalship standards in South Africa

2020 ◽  
pp. 174114322097367
Author(s):  
Pontso Moorosi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Educational Leadership ◽  
Critical Race Theory ◽  
South African ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Critical Race ◽  
Race Theory ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Leadership Policy ◽  
School Principalship

In the light of recent media reports of racism in South African schools, this paper examines the role of school principalship standards in addressing race in South African educational leadership. The paper draws on tenets of critical race theory to examine how issues of race are addressed in the Policy for School Principalship Standard in South Africa and the implications thereof for leadership preparation and leadership practice. The methodology involves the employment of content analysis underpinned by key tenets of critical race theory that challenge notions of colour-blindness, meritocracy and neutrality. The analysis reveals that there is no explicit mention or treatment of race and ethnicity as social constructs in the principalship standards. It also reveals that diversity and culture are used more, suggesting the emphasis on difference rather than inequality. The paper argues that, although driven by principles of social justice, the Policy for School Principalship Standard is colour-blind. Through this omission, the policy denies the existence of racism and fails to recognise the power and influence of school leaders (and principals, in particular) in shaping the race dynamic in schools. The paper ends with implications for the improvement of leadership policy and practice.

Health Inequities in Historical Context: A Critical Race Theory Analysis of Diabetes among African Americans and American Indians

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-299
Author(s):  
Felicia M. Mitchell ◽  
Cindy Sangalang ◽  
Stephanie Lechuga-Peña ◽  
Kristina Lopez ◽  
David Beccera
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Critical Race Theory ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Health Inequities ◽  
Critical Race ◽  
Race Theory ◽  
Theory Analysis

scholarly journals Using social marketing for the promotion of cognitive health: a scoping review protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. e049947
Author(s):  
Mathilde Barbier ◽  
Caroline Schulte ◽  
Anna Kornadt ◽  
Carine Federspiel ◽  
Jean-Paul Steinmetz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Marketing ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Scientific Journal ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Cognitive Health ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scoping Reviews

IntroductionThe use of social marketing strategies to induce the promotion of cognitive health has received little attention in research. The objective of this scoping review is twofold: (i) to identify the social marketing strategies that have been used in recent years to initiate and maintain health-promoting behaviour; (ii) to advance research in this area to inform policy and practice on how to best make use of these strategies to promote cognitive health.Methods and analysisWe will use the five-stage methodological framework of Arksey and O’Malley. Articles in English published since 2010 will be searched in electronic databases (the Cochrane Library, DoPHER, the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, PsycInfo, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus). Quantitative and qualitative study designs as well as reviews will be considered. We will include those articles that report the design, implementation, outcomes and evaluation of programmes and interventions concerning social marketing and/or health promotion and/or promotion of cognitive health. Grey literature will not be searched. Two independent reviewers will assess in detail the abstracts and full text of selected citations against the inclusion criteria. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flowchart for Scoping Reviews will be used to illustrate the process of article selection. We will use a data extraction form, present the results through narrative synthesis and discuss them in relation to the scoping review research questions.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required for conducting this scoping review. The results of the review will be the first step to advance a conceptual framework, which contributes to the development of interventions targeting the promotion of cognitive health. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. They will also be disseminated to key stakeholders in the field of the promotion of cognitive health.

scholarly journals Racial and Ethnic Diversities in Cognitive Health Appraisals: Findings from the HCAP

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 715-715
Author(s):  
Yuri Jang ◽  
Eunyoung Choi ◽  
Yujin Franco ◽  
Nan Sook Park ◽  
David Chiriboga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Entire Sample ◽  
Cognitive Health ◽  
Assessment Protocol ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract The aims of the study were: (1) to investigate the relationship between cognitive performance and cognitive health appraisals across non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic older adults in the United States and (2) to explore within-group variations by examining interactions between cognitive performance and background and health variables. The sample (N = 3,099) included 2,260 non-Hispanic White, 498 non-Hispanic Black, and 341 Hispanic adults aged 65 or older, from the 2016–2017 Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol. Regression models of cognitive health appraisals, indicated by self-rated cognitive health, were examined in the entire sample and in racial and ethnic subgroups to test direct and interactive effects of cognitive performance, indicated by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The regression model for the entire sample showed direct effects of cognitive performance and race/ethnicity on cognitive health appraisals, as well as a significant interaction between cognitive performance and being non-Hispanic Black. Cognitive performance and cognitive health appraisals were positively associated in non-Hispanic Whites but not significantly associated in non-Hispanic Blacks. Our subsequent analysis within each racial/ethnic group showed that the effect of cognitive performance in non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics became either reversed or nonsignificant when background and health variables were considered. Modification by age or chronic medical conditions in each racial and ethnic group was also observed. Overall, these findings suggest that perceptions and appraisals of cognitive health vary by race and ethnicity and hold implications for how these differences should be considered in research and practice with diverse groups of older adults.

scholarly journals Injustice Squared? An Intersectional Lens to Research on Productive Engagement in Later Life

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 24-24
Author(s):  
Christina Matz ◽  
Cal Halvorsen ◽  
Jacquelyn James
Keyword(s):  
Asian American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
Paid And Unpaid Work

Abstract Social inequalities over the life course shape later life opportunities and outcomes in important ways. However, research on paid and unpaid work in later life has not always captured (and has sometimes mischaracterized) the variety and complexity of lived experiences in later life—in particular for low-income workers, workers of color, women, and others marginalized due to their social position. Further, statistics often obscure the most important information: how the most marginalized older workers are faring. Intersectionality, a term coined by legal scholar, Dr. Kimberlé Crenshaw, describes the overlapping and intersecting social identities that often influence how we move around in society. Some identities garner privilege and power and others oppression and marginalization; we must look at their intersection to better understand complexity and inform solutions. This symposium will apply an intersectional lens to research on paid and unpaid work in later life. The first paper is a scoping review that assesses the extent to which race and ethnicity are investigated in studies of the longitudinal association between workplace demands and cognitive health. The second paper explores how older Black and Hispanic adults’ work engagement is impacted by COVID-19. The third paper considers gender differences in volunteer engagement among Asian-American older adults. The final paper examines the Senior Community Service Employment Program’s role in participant financial, physical, and mental well-being. A discussant will reflect on these studies and the need for continued research that considers intersectionality in opportunities and experiences for paid and unpaid work in later life.

scholarly journals Patient race, ethnicity, and care in the emergency department: A scoping review

CJEM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Owens ◽  
Brian R. Holroyd ◽  
Patrick McLane
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Research Question ◽  
The United States ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Patient Race ◽  
Abstract Screening ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Full Text Screening

ABSTRACTObjectivesHealth disparities between racial and ethnic groups have been documented in Canada, the United States, and Australia. Despite evidence that differences in emergency department (ED) care based on patient race and ethnicity exist, there are no comprehensive literature reviews in this area. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the literature on the impact of patient ethnicity and race on the processes of ED care.MethodsA scoping review was conducted to capture the broad nature of the literature. A database search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, Social Sciences Citation Index, SCOPUS, and JSTOR. Five journals and reference lists of included articles were hand searched. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined iteratively to ensure literature captured was relevant to our research question. Data were extracted using predetermined variables, and additional extraction variables were added as familiarity with the literature developed.ResultsSearching yielded 1,157 citations, reduced to 153 following removal of duplicates, and title and abstract screening. After full-text screening, 83 articles were included. Included articles report that, in EDs, patient race and ethnicity impact analgesia, triage scores, wait times, treatments, diagnostic procedure utilization, rates of patients leaving without being seen, and patient subjective experiences. Authors of included studies propose a variety of possible causes for these disparities.ConclusionsFurther research on the existence of disparities in care within EDs is warranted to explore the causes behind observed disparities for particular health conditions and population groups in specific contexts.

Decriminalizing LGBTQ+: Reproducing and resisting mental health inequities

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 667-686
Author(s):  
Tyler M. Argüello
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Minority Stress ◽  
Health Inequities ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Queer People ◽  
Social Inequities ◽  
Two Spirit

Secure settings are not queer because lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, Two Spirit, and asexual (LGBTQ+) people populate them, and neither are LGBTQ+ people inherently criminal because they are found in those spaces. Queer people bear disproportionate health, mental health, and social inequities that have had, historically and currently, the effect to criminalize them. This review discusses effective language and ideologies when working with LGBTQ+ people in secure settings. Major health, mental health, and social inequities are reviewed, along with the applied framework of minority stress. Then, the process of criminalization is diagrammed across the phases of predetainment, being in the system, and through re-entering the community. Finally, multilevel strategies are offered to decriminalize LGBTQ+ people ideologically and in practice.

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