scholarly journals Does the Health Insurance Program Reduce Health-Induced Poverty?: New Evidence From the China Household Income Project

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 355-355
Author(s):  
Yalu Zhang ◽  
Qin Gao
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The growing cost of healthcare services has been a concern for many countries in the world. In China, medical expenditures can account for as much as 65% of per capita income in some low-GDP counties in 2011. One of the primary goals of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Insurance (NRCMI) is to provide financial protection and alleviate the financial burdens of rural residents in China. This paper examined whether NRCMI participation impacted the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) among middle-aged and older adults (45 years old and above) using the China Household Income Project 2007 rural data and an instrumental variable estimation method in two provinces where there was heterogeneity in NRCMI implementation schedule. The results show that NRCMI enrollment could not impact the likelihood of experiencing CHE among middle-aged and older adults. However, NRCMI participation increased the actual amount of medical expenses in one province but not in the other. Although none of the prior studies have used instruments and village fixed effects or take endogeneity issues into account to investigate the impact of NRCMI on relative financial burden among recipients, the results found in this study are generally aligned with the prior findings, especially with those using quasi-experimental studies. Findings from this study provide empirical evidence to the policymakers that the effect of NRCMI participation on financial protections is limited despite its broad population coverage. The limited effects are probably due to the low reimbursement rate and more utilization of expensive healthcare services.

scholarly journals The Impact of Environmental Pollution on the Health of Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongli Fan ◽  
Yingcheng Wang ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Peter C Coyte
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Abstract While several studies have demonstrated the negative impacts of environmental pollution on population health, in general, few studies have examined the potential differential effects on the health of middle-aged and older populations, i.e. 45 years and older. Given the twin concerns of environmental pollution and population aging in China, this article employed a fixed effects model to infer the impact of environmental pollution on public health with a particular focus on middle-aged and older adults. The analyses were based on data from the 2011–2018 waves of the CHARLS and pollutant data from prefecture-level cities. The results showed that environmental pollution significantly increased the risk of chronic diseases and negatively impacted the health of middle-aged and older adults. Environmental pollution had its greatest negative effect on the health of the elderly, women, urban residents and those with lower incomes than for their counterparts. We further found that the main channels of effect were through reduced physical exercise and an increase in depressive symptoms, and the pollution prevention actions alleviated the health deterioration of environmental pollution for the middle-aged and elderly. It is imperative for the government to urgently reinforce policy's enforcement to decrease air and water pollution, and enhance the ability to circumvent pollution for the lower socioeconomic groups.

scholarly journals The impact of social insurance on health among middle-aged and older adults in rural China: a longitudinal study using a three-wave nationwide survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinxin Ma ◽  
Takashi Oshio
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Many studies have examined the impact of social insurance on health, but the results have generally been mixed, presumably because they have not fully addressed potential biases related to the study’s cross-sectional design. In this study, we conducted a longitudinal analysis to investigate how participation in two social insurance programs in China—the New Rural Social Pension Insurance (NRSPI) and the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS)—was associated with health outcomes among middle-aged and older adults in rural China. Methods Using three-wave longitudinal data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study conducted in 2011, 2013, and 2015, we estimated the dynamic fixed-effects regression models to examine the association between participation in the NRCMS/NRSPI and six types of health outcomes. Results Participation in the NRSPI was positively associated with some health outcomes, but the associations were relatively modest and were observed only for some specific age and household income groups. Participation in NRCMS was not associated with any health outcomes. Conclusions The results provide limited evidence of the positive impact of social insurance on health among middle-aged and older adults in rural China. Thus, social insurance programs should be reformed to enhance their positive impact on health.

scholarly journals The impact of health insurance on poverty among rural older adults: an evidence from nine counties of western China

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaoguo Zhai ◽  
Shuiping Yuan ◽  
Quanfang Dong
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Western China ◽  
Cooperative Medical Scheme ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rural Older Adults

Abstract Background Older adults are more prone to various diseases. Health insurance becomes effective mechanism to relieve financial burden when the insured is sick. In China, most older adults live in the countryside, and New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme is a kind of health insurance system in rural areas. The relationship between New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme and financial burden due to health expenditure of older adults in China was investigated. This paper aims at the impact of New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme on the poverty among rural older adults. Methods This study employs Probit model and Tobit model to assess the impact of New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme on alleviating poverty among rural older adults based on a survey in nine representative counties in western China. Results The findings show that diseases have significantly negative impact on rural elderly poverty. New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme has impact on alleviating of the health-payment poverty due to catastrophic health expenditure, but the impact is limited. The impact of health insurance on poverty alleviation is greater for men, older adults aged between 60 to 69 and households in in economically poorer area than their counterparts. Conclusions This study show the relationship between New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme and catastrophic health expenditure of older adults in China. The results draw policy attention to introduce different reimbursement expense ratios for different groups to alleviate them from poverty based on more comprehensive insurance packages.

scholarly journals The Impact of Social Insurance On Health Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults In Rural China: A Longitudinal Study Using A Three-Wave Nationwide Survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinxin Ma ◽  
Takashi Oshio
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Outcome ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Many studies have examined the impact of social insurance on health but the results have generally been mixed, presumably because they have not fully addressed potential biases related to cross-sectional study design. In this study, we conducted a longitudinal analysis to investigate how participation in two social insurance programs in China—the New Rural Social Pension Insurance (NRSPI) and the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS)—was associated with health outcomes among middle-aged and older adults in rural China.Methods. Using three-wave longitudinal data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study conducted in 2011, 2013, and 2015, we estimated the dynamic fixed-effects regression models to examine the association between participation in the NRCMS/NRSPI and six types of health outcome.Results. Participation in the NRSPI was positively associated with some health outcomes, but the associations were relatively modest and were observed only for some specific age and household income groups. Participation in the NRCMS was not associated with any health outcome.Conclusions. The results provide limited evidence of the positive impact of social insurance on health among middle-aged and older adults in rural China. Social insurance programs should be reformed to enhance their positive impact on health.

scholarly journals The Impact of Work Hours on Depressive Symptoms among Koreans Aged 45 and Over

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 853
Author(s):  
Juyeong Kim ◽  
Eun-Cheol Park
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Health Studies ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Impact

Background: Given the documented importance of employment for middle-aged and older adults’ mental health, studies of the association between their number of work hours and depressive symptoms are needed. Objectives: To examine the association between the number of work hours and depressive symptoms in Korean aged 45 and over. Methods: We used data from the first wave to fourth wave of the Korea Longitudinal Study of Aging. Using the first wave at baseline, data included 9845 individuals. Depressive symptoms were measured using the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. We performed a longitudinal analysis to estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms by work hours. Results: Both unemployed males and females aged 45–65 years were associated with higher depressive symptoms (β = 0.59, p < 0.001; β = 0.32, p < 0.001). Females working ≥ 69 h were associated with higher depressive symptoms compared to those working 41–68 h (β = 0.25, p = 0.013). Among those both middle-aged and older adults, both males and females unemployed were associated with higher depressive symptoms. Those middle-aged female working ≥69 h were associated with higher depressive symptoms. Conclusions: An increase in depressive symptoms was associated with unemployed males and females working ≥69 h compared to those working 41–68 h. Although this association was found among middle-aged individuals, a decrease in depressive symptoms in both sexes was associated with working 1–40 h. Depressive symptoms should decrease by implementing employment policies and social services to encourage employers to support middle-aged and older adults in the workforce considering their sex and age differences.

scholarly journals The Impact of Health Problems on Depression and Activities in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Age and Social Interactions as Moderators

2004 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. P19-P26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Fukukawa ◽  
C. Nakashima ◽  
S. Tsuboi ◽  
N. Niino ◽  
F. Ando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals The Impact of Inflation Volatility on an Enterprise’s Innovation Strategy

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 193-197
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Innovation Strategy ◽  
Potential Output ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Inflation Volatility ◽  
High Inflation ◽  
The Impact

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of inflation volatility on an enterprise's innovation strategy. The study showed that increasing inflation leads to a decrease in the stationary level of potential output, as well as to a decrease in the rate of economic growth in the process of transition to a stationary state. A formula is proposed for calculating the total effect of inflation on the level of enterprise output. The negative impact of the inflation rate on the welfare of economic agents was revealed, which is expressed in the fall in their equilibrium consumption level. Higher-income countries have been shown to suffer more from high inflation than poorer countries. All conclusions made in the analysis of the dynamic model of the impact of inflation on potential output are verified based on econometric modelling using methods and models for panel data: models with fixed effects, models with random effects, and a generalized method of moments. Moreover, the obtained empirical results are stable concerning changes in the specification of the equation and estimation method

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