scholarly journals Caregiving Is Driving My Time: Caregiver and Care Recipient Driving Behaviors and Hours of Care

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 127-127
Author(s):  
Athena Koumoutzis ◽  
Jonathon Vivoda ◽  
Jiawei Cao
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Care Recipient ◽  
Driving Frequency ◽  
Adult Care ◽  
Care Recipients ◽  
Avoidance Behaviors ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Bad Weather ◽  
Nighttime Driving

Abstract Informal caregivers often provide transportation assistance as older adult care recipients (CRs) begin regulating their driving (e.g., avoid certain driving situations, decrease/cease driving). This study examined how caregiver and CR driving frequency and CR’s driving avoidance behaviors impact caregiving intensity. Using data from Round 7 of the National Health and Aging Trends Study and the linked National Survey of Caregiving (n=1048 dyads), results indicated that caregiving intensity was highest among caregivers who drove everyday (5.38 hours) and for CRs who had not driven in the last month/did not drive (4.65 hours). Negative binomial regression techniques were used to assess and compare driving-related predictors. Compared to CRs who reported no avoidance of nighttime driving, caregivers of CRs who do not drive at all can expect to provide about 36% more hours of caregiving per day. Caregiving intensity was not significantly related to CR’s driving alone, on the highway, or in bad weather avoidance behaviors. CRs who drove every day, most days, and rarely required between 33% and 40% fewer expected hours per day of caregiving compared to CRs who had not driven in the past month. The expected number of hours spent providing care per day was 36% higher among caregivers who drove the care recipient every day, 28% higher among most-day drivers, and 30% higher among those who never drove as opposed to caregivers who drove some days per week. Results suggest that caregiving intensity is related more to caregiver and CR driving frequency than CR driving avoidance behaviors.

Interdependence in Health and Functioning Among Older Spousal Caregivers and Care Recipients

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 685-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey J. Hoffman ◽  
Sarah Burgard ◽  
Carolyn A. Mendez-Luck ◽  
Joseph E. Gaugler
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Care Recipient ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Care Recipients ◽  
Bed Days

Older spousal caregiving relationships involve support that may be affected by the health of either the caregiver or care recipient. We conducted a longitudinal analysis using pooled data from 4,632 community-dwelling spousal care recipients and caregivers aged ⩾50 from the 2002 to 2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. We specified logistic and negative binomial regression models using lagged predictor variables to assess the role of partner health status on spousal caregiver and care recipient health care utilization and physical functioning outcomes. Care recipients’ odds of hospitalization, odds ratio (OR): 0.83, p<.001, decreased when caregivers had more ADL difficulties. When spouses were in poorer versus better health, care recipients’ bed days decreased (4.69 vs. 2.54) while caregivers’ bed days increased (0.20 vs. 0.96). Providers should consider the dual needs of caregivers caring for care recipients and their own health care needs, in adopting a family-centered approach to management of older adult long-term care needs.

scholarly journals Neighborhood Characteristics and the Mental Health of Caregivers Cohabiting with Care Recipients Diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 913
Author(s):  
Dana M. Alhasan ◽  
Jana A. Hirsch ◽  
Chandra L. Jackson ◽  
Maggi C. Miller ◽  
Bo Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Care Recipient ◽  
Neighborhood Characteristics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Care Recipients

While studies have documented the influence of caregiver and care recipient factors on caregiver health, it is important to address the potential impact of neighborhood contexts. This study estimated the cross-sectional associations between neighborhood characteristics and mental health among caregivers cohabiting with Alzheimer’s disease care recipients that were experiencing severe or non-severe neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) (e.g., aggression/anxiety). We obtained data collected in 2010 on caregivers and care recipients (n = 212) from a subset of South Carolina’s Alzheimer’s Disease Registry. Neighborhood measures (within 1 mile of the residence) came from the American Community Survey and the Rural-Urban Commuting Area Code. We categorized the neighborhood median household income into tertiles, namely, “low” (<$31,000), “medium” ($31,000–40,758), and “high” (>$40,758), and rurality as “large urban,” “small urban,” and “rural.” We used negative binomial regression to estimate the prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for caregiver mental health using neighborhood characteristics. The mean age was 58 ± 10.3 years, 85% were women, and 55% were non-Hispanic Black. Among the caregivers cohabiting with a recipient experiencing severe NPS, higher distress was experienced by caregivers living in low- (PR = 1.61 (95% CI = 1.26–2.04)) and medium- (PR = 1.45 (95% CI = 1.17–1.78)) vs. high-income neighborhoods after an adjustment. These results suggest that neighborhood characteristics may amplify other social stressors experienced by caregivers.

scholarly journals Identifying Temporal Aggregation Effect on Crash-Frequency Modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6214
Author(s):  
Bumjoon Bae ◽  
Changju Lee ◽  
Tae-Young Pak ◽  
Sunghoon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Crash Frequency ◽  
Crash Frequency Modeling ◽  
Using Data

Aggregation of spatiotemporal data can encounter potential information loss or distort attributes via individual observation, which would influence modeling results and lead to an erroneous inference, named the ecological fallacy. Therefore, deciding spatial and temporal resolution is a fundamental consideration in a spatiotemporal analysis. The modifiable temporal unit problem (MTUP) occurs when using data that is temporally aggregated. While consideration of the spatial dimension has been increasingly studied, the counterpart, a temporal unit, is rarely considered, particularly in the traffic safety modeling field. The purpose of this research is to identify the MTUP effect in crash-frequency modeling using data with various temporal scales. A sensitivity analysis framework is adopted with four negative binomial regression models and four random effect negative binomial models having yearly, quarterly, monthly, and weekly temporal units. As the different temporal unit was applied, the result of the model estimation also changed in terms of the mean and significance of the parameter estimates. Increasing temporal correlation due to using the small temporal unit can be handled with the random effect models.

Managing Inflation

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Fisher ◽  
Stephanie W. Hartwell ◽  
Xiaogang Deng
Keyword(s):  
Count Data ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Excess Zeros ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Negative Binomial Models ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Dispersion ◽  
Binomial Models

Poisson and negative binomial regression procedures have proliferated, and now are available in virtually all statistical packages. Along with the regression procedures themselves are procedures for addressing issues related to the over-dispersion and excessive zeros commonly observed in count data. These approaches, zero-inflated Poisson and zero-inflated negative binomial models, use logit or probit models for the “excess” zeros and count regression models for the counted data. Although these models are often appropriate on statistical grounds, their interpretation may prove substantively difficult. This article explores this dilemma, using data from a study of individuals released from facilities maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Correction.

Safety Evaluation of Horizontal Alignment Design Consistency on Rural Two-Lane Highways

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (2) ◽  
pp. 628-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Hamilton ◽  
Scott Himes ◽  
R. J. Porter ◽  
Eric Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Horizontal Alignment ◽  
Highway Safety Manual ◽  
Horizontal Curves ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Design Consistency

Design consistency in the context of highway and street design refers to the conformance of highway geometry to driver expectancy. Existing design policies provide guidance related to horizontal alignment design consistency. While design consistency has safety implications and is intuitively linked to roadway departure crashes, the authors are only aware of a few studies that sought to link measures of design consistency to safety performance. This study explores relationships between alternative measures of horizontal alignment design consistency and the expected number of roadway departure crashes along horizontal curves on rural, two-lane, two-way roads. The authors analyzed 854 horizontal curves on rural two-lane highways in Indiana and Pennsylvania using data obtained from the SHRP 2 Roadway Information Database (RID) 2.0. Relationships between measures of design consistency and the expected number of roadway departure crashes were explored using a negative binomial regression modeling approach. The results indicate a relationship between the frequency of roadway departure crashes on a study curve and the radii of upstream and downstream curves. The ratio of the length of upstream and downstream tangents relative to a study curve radius was also statistically significant in Pennsylvania. Such findings are intuitive given the concept of design consistency and represent an advancement to existing predictive methods in the AASHTO Highway Safety Manual, which estimate the expected number of crashes on a segment as a function of the characteristics of only that segment.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Near-Repeat Street Robbery and the Environment: Evidence from Malmö, Sweden

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Markus Rasmusson ◽  
Marco Helbich
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Environmental Characteristics ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Near Repeat ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Crime Event

Near-repeat crime refers to a pattern whereby one crime event is soon followed by a similar crime event at a nearby location. Existing research on near-repeat crime patterns is inconclusive about where near-repeat patterns emerge and which physical and social factors influence them. The present research addressed this gap by examining the relationship between initiator events (i.e., the first event in a near-repeat pattern) and environmental characteristics to estimate where near-repeat patterns are most likely to emerge. A two-step analysis was undertaken using data on street robberies reported in Malmö, Sweden, for the years 2006–15. After determining near-repeat patterns, we assessed the correlations between initiator events and criminogenic places and socioeconomic indicators using a negative binomial regression at a street segment level. Our results show that both criminogenic places and socioeconomic indicators have a significant influence on the spatial variation of initiator events, suggesting that environmental characteristics can be used to explain the emergence of near-repeat patterns. Law enforcement agencies can utilize the findings in efforts to prevent further street robberies from occurring.

scholarly journals EMERGING ADULT CAREGIVERS: PERCEPTIONS OF OLDER ADULT CARE RECIPIENTS, QUALITY OF CONTACT, AND AGEISM

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S952-S952
Author(s):  
Anastasia E Canell ◽  
Grace Caskie
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Care Recipient ◽  
Adult Care ◽  
Care Recipients ◽  
Adult Caregivers ◽  
Quality Of Contact

Abstract Approximately 12-18% of family caregivers to older adults in the U.S. are 18-25 years old (i.e., emerging adulthood), yet minimal research has focused on this subgroup of caregivers (Levine, 2005; Smyth, Blaxland, & Cass, 2011). Individuals’ perceptions of an older adult’s social role relate to their attitudes toward older adults as a group (Hummert, 1999; Kite & Wagner, 2002). However, whether perceptions that emerging adult caregivers hold of older adults are specific to the social role of “care-recipient” has not been studied. A sample of 210 informal caregivers (ages 18-25) were surveyed to collect qualitative responses regarding perceptions of an older adult care-recipient (age 65+) and to assess quality of contact with the care-recipient and ageist attitudes. Participants were asked to provide five adjectives describing their older adult care-recipient. Approximately 43% provided a set of adjectives in which 80%-100% were coded as positive adjectives (e.g., “active”, “wise”); similarly, half of the sample’s adjective sets contained 0%-25% negative adjectives (e.g., “helpless”, “obnoxious”). The quality of contact with the care-recipient was significantly correlated (p&lt;.001) with the percentage of positive (r=.47) and negative (r=-.49) adjectives. Scores on the Fraboni Scale of Ageism were also significantly correlated (p&lt;.01) with the percentage of positive (r=-.19) and negative (r=.20) adjectives. Overall, these emerging adult caregivers had generally positive perceptions of their older adult care-recipients, and these perceptions reflected the positive quality of contact with the care-recipient. Less ageist attitudes’ relationship with more positive and less negative perceptions may have implications for experiences within a caregiving dyad.

scholarly journals Blood Levels of the Heavy Metal, Lead, and Caries in Children Aged 24-72 Months: NHANES III

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Constance Wiener ◽  
D. Leann Long ◽  
Richard J. Jurevic
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Nhanes Iii ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Using Data

Lead remains a significant pollutant. It has acute toxic and chronic effects on many tissues and accumulates in teeth and bones. The researchers for this study investigated the association of blood lead levels with the extent/severity of caries as measured by the number of decayed/filled teeth of children aged 24-72 months using data from NHANES III (the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), accounting for the excess zero caries in the analysis and using less than 2 µg/dl as the reference blood lead level (n = 3,127). Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models indicated unadjusted extent/severity mean ratios of 1.79, 1.88 and 1.94 for the number of decayed/filled teeth in children whose blood lead levels were 2-5, 5-10 and >10 µg/dl, respectively, compared with children having <2 µg/dl blood lead levels. The results did not attenuate when other variables were added to the model for the 5-10 and >10 µg/dl levels of exposure. The adjusted extent/severity mean ratios were 1.84, 2.14 and 1.91, respectively, for the categories. This study indicated a strong association of blood lead levels with increasing numbers of carious teeth in children aged 24-72 months. These findings support other studies in an innovative analysis handling cases of children with no caries. The findings may inform caries risk assessment. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of snares in Ruma National Park, Kenya, with implications for management of the roan antelope Hippotragus equinuslangheldi and other wildlife

Oryx ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnstone K. Kimanzi ◽  
Roy A. Sanderson ◽  
Stephen P. Rushton ◽  
Mware J. Mugo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
National Park ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Complete Spatial Randomness ◽  
Roan Antelope ◽  
Hippotragus Equinus ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Salt Licks

AbstractPoaching with snares has been identified as the main cause of decline of the endemic roan antelope Hippotragus equinuslangheldi in Ruma National Park, Kenya, from > 200 in 1979 to 37 in 2009. However, the spatial snaring patterns in the Park are not clearly understood. The focus of our study was to map the spatial distribution of snares in the Park and to identify the factors influencing this distribution, to develop effective methods of wildlife protection. Using data collected from 56 sample plots during 2006–2008, coupled with geographical information system techniques, we investigated the association between the occurrence of snares and the distribution of geographical features (slope, elevation), infrastructure (roads, fences), essential resources for wildlife (water, salt licks, forage), roan locations and wildlife density. Ripley's L function for assessing complete spatial randomness indicated that snares occurred in clumps (hotspots) up to 4 km apart. Negative binomial regression indicated that these hotspots occurred (1) near water resources, salt licks and the Park boundary, (2) far from roan locations and Park roads, (3) in areas with low gradients and low wildlife density, and (4) in areas with burned vegetation. We recommend concentrating routine security patrol efforts and resources on snare hotspots to reduce snaring and to protect the roan antelope and other threatened wildlife.

scholarly journals Comparative effectiveness of dimethyl fumarate in Multiple Sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Bosco-Levy ◽  
Marc Debouverie ◽  
Bruno Brochet ◽  
Céline Louapre ◽  
Elisabeth Maillard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Dimethyl Fumarate ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Disability Progression ◽  
Real Life Setting ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) on annual rate of relapse (ARR) and disability progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) compared to injectable immunomodulators (IMM), teriflunomide (TERI) and fingolimob (FTY), in real life setting. Methods: A population-based cohort study was conducted using data of the French nationwide claims database, SNDS. All patients initiating IMM, TERI, FTY or DMF between July 1, 2015 and December 12, 2017, with 4.5 years of database history and 1 to 3.5 years of follow-up were included in this study. DMF patients were 1:1 matched to IMM, TERI or FTY using a high dimensional Propensity Score. Negative binomial regression and a regression logistic models were used to estimate the relative risk (RR ± [95% CI]) of ARR and the Odds Ratio (OR ± [95% CI]) of disability progression, respectively. Results: Overall, 9 304 subjects were identified: 29.0% initiated DMF, 33.2% TERI, 5.6% FTY and 32.2% an IMM. The matched cohorts consisted of 1779 DMF- IMM, patients, 1679 DMF-TERI patients, and 376 DMF-FTY patients. DMF significantly reduced ARR compared to IMM (RR 0.72 [0.61 - 0.86]) and TERI (0.81 [0.68 - 0.96]). The risk of the progression of MS specific disability was not significantly different for any matched cohorts.Interpretation: DMF is associated with lower risk of relapse for patients with RRMS than other first-line RRMS agents (TERI and IIM).

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