The Behavioral Immune System Shapes Political Intuitions: Why and How Individual Differences in Disgust Sensitivity Underlie Opposition to Immigration

We present, test, and extend a theoretical framework that connects disgust, a powerful basic human emotion, to political attitudes through psychological mechanisms designed to protect humans from disease. These mechanisms work outside of conscious awareness, and in modern environments, they can motivate individuals to avoid intergroup contact by opposing immigration. We report a meta-analysis of previous tests in the psychological sciences and conduct, for the first time, a series of tests in nationally representative samples collected in the United States and Denmark that integrate the role of disgust and the behavioral immune system into established models of emotional processing and political attitude formation. In doing so, we offer an explanation for why peaceful integration and interaction between ethnic majority and minorities is so hard to achieve.

Download Full-text

Self-Reported Addiction to Pornography in a Nationally Representative Sample: The Role of Use Habits, Religiousness, and Moral Incongruence

10.31234/osf.io/m94nk ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Joshua Grubbs ◽

Shane W Kraus ◽

Samuel Perry

Keyword(s):

Representative Sample ◽

The United States ◽

Health Condition ◽

Internet Users ◽

Younger Age ◽

Pornography Use ◽

Pornography Addiction ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Representative Samples

Background and Aims: Despite controversies regarding its existence as a legitimate mental health condition, self-reports of pornography addiction seem to occur regularly. In the United States, prior works using various sampling techniques, such as undergraduate samples and online convenience samples, have consistently demonstrated that some pornography users report feeling dysregulated or out of control in their use. Even so, there has been very little work in U.S. nationally representative samples to examine self-reported pornography addiction. Methods: The present study sought to examine self-reported pornography addiction in a U.S. nationally representative sample of adult internet users (N=2,075). Results: Results indicated that most participants had viewed pornography within their lifetimes (n = 1,461), with just over half reporting some use in the past year (n = 1,056). Moreover, roughly 11% of men and 3% of women reported some agreement with the statement “I am addicted to pornography.” Across all participants, such feelings were most strongly associated with male gender, younger age, greater religiousness, greater moral incongruence regarding pornography use, and greater use of pornography. Discussion and Conclusions: Collectively, these findings are consistent with prior works that have noted that self-reported pornography addiction is a complex phenomenon that is predicted by both objective behavior and subjective moral evaluations of that behavior.

Download Full-text

A science confidence gap: Education, trust in scientific methods, and trust in scientific institutions in the United States, 2014

Public Understanding of Science ◽

10.1177/0963662515617367 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 704-720 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Peter Achterberg ◽

Willem de Koster ◽

Jeroen van der Waal

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Modernization Theory ◽

Reflexive Modernization ◽

Scientific Methods ◽

Educational Differences ◽

Scientific Institutions ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Great Trust

Following up on suggestions that attitudes toward science are multi-dimensional, we analyze nationally representative survey data collected in the United States in 2014 ( N = 2006), and demonstrate the existence of a science confidence gap: some people place great trust in scientific methods and principles, but simultaneously distrust scientific institutions. This science confidence gap is strongly associated with level of education: it is larger among the less educated than among the more educated. We investigate explanations for these educational differences. Whereas hypotheses deduced from reflexive-modernization theory do not pass the test, those derived from theorizing on the role of anomie are corroborated. The less educated are more anomic (they have more modernity-induced cultural discontents), which not only underlies their distrust in scientific institutions, but also fuels their trust in scientific methods and principles. This explains why this science confidence gap is most pronounced among the less educated.

Download Full-text

Gender and Marital Satisfaction: Data from the National Survey of Families and Households

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1998.83.1.319 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 83 (1) ◽

pp. 319-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Walter R. Schumm ◽

Farrell J. Webb ◽

Stephan R. Bollman

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Marital Satisfaction ◽

Representative Sample ◽

The United States ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Satisfaction Relationship ◽

Representative Samples ◽

Small Support

In 1972, Bernard argued that marriage was good for men and bad for women. Subsequent research noted that wives, on average, reported lower marital satisfaction than husbands. Furthermore, when differences within couples existed on marital satisfaction, the wife was usually the less satisfied spouse; however, most previous studies of the gender/marital satisfaction relationship had not been based on nationally representative samples. A nationally representative sample from the 1988 Survey of Families and Households was used to assess the relationship of gender with marital satisfaction. Within-couple analyses indicated that wives were less satisfied with their marriages than husbands and that, when substantial within-couple differences occurred with respect to marital satisfaction, the wife was usually the less satisfied spouse. Results provide at least small support for feminist assertions about the relatively adverse nature of marriage for women in the United States.

Download Full-text

Cybervictimization. Research Matrix

Prologue Law Journal ◽

10.21639/2313-6715.2021.3.11. ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

D.V. Zhmurov ◽

Keyword(s):

Meta Analysis ◽

Interdisciplinary Approach ◽

The United States ◽

Personal Factors ◽

Crime Victim ◽

Internet Crime ◽

Definition Of ◽

Object Of Study ◽

System Characteristics

The article presents an analysis of the cybervictimization phenomenon. The author justifies the use of an integrative (interdisciplinary) approach to the study of this problem, proposes the definition of the term under study as a process or end result of becoming a crime victim in the sphere of unified computer networks. A theoretical and methodological matrix for the analysis of cybervictimization (PCPPE model) was developed. The model includes five system characteristics of cybervictimization, the comprehensive study of which to a maximum extent will simplify the understanding of the essence of the object of study. These characteristics include: profiling, conditionality, prevalence, predictability and epidemicity. Each of these aspects is explained in detail: the author developed a detailed nomenclature of cybervictimization forms. The problems of identifying its extent, as well as the determinant role of gender, age, behavioral and personal factors are discussed in the article, and a list of key cybervictimization acts is formulated. This meta-analysis includes thirteen global categories and about seventy of its accent forms. Among the global categories the following ones are identified: threats, harassment, illegal interest, infringement, insult, spoofing, disclosure, compulsion, seizure, infecting, access and use. The prevalence rates of cybervictimization on the example of the United States (Internet Crime Report) are also studied, certain aspects of the methodology of cyber victim number counting are considered.

Download Full-text

Government Employees’ Experience and Expectation of COVID-19 Hardships: The Moderating Role of Gender and Race in the United States

The American Review of Public Administration ◽

10.1177/02750740211049280 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 027507402110492

Author(s):

JungHo Park ◽

Yongjin Ahn

Keyword(s):

Gender Gap ◽

The United States ◽

Census Bureau ◽

Government Employees ◽

Income Loss ◽

Gender And Race ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Moderating Role ◽

The U.S

This article examines government employees’ experience and expectation of socioeconomic hardships during the COVID-19 pandemic—employment income loss, housing instability, and food insufficiency—by focusing on the role of gender and race. Employing the Household Pulse Survey, a nationally representative and near real-time pandemic data deployed by the U.S. Census Bureau, we find that government employees were less affected by the pandemic than non-government employees across socioeconomic hardships. However, female and racial minorities, when investigated within government employees, have a worse experience and expectation of pandemic hardships than men and non-Hispanic Whites. Our findings suggest a clear gender gap and racial disparities in the experience and expectation of pandemic hardships.

Download Full-text

A systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic association studies for the role of inflammation and the immune system in diabetic nephropathy

Clinical Kidney Journal ◽

10.1093/ckj/sfx008 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 293-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Maria Tziastoudi ◽

Ioannis Stefanidis ◽

Georgios M. Hadjigeorgiou ◽

Konstantinos Stravodimos ◽

Elias Zintzaras

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Immune System ◽

Genetic Association ◽

Association Studies ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Genetic Association Studies

Download Full-text

THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF FAMILY CAREGIVING: NEW NATIONAL ESTIMATES AND STATE VARIATION

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igz038.2742 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S748-S748

Author(s):

Ari Houser ◽

Ari Houser

Keyword(s):

Family Caregiving ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Economic Value ◽

The United States ◽

Virgin Islands ◽

State Variation ◽

National Estimates ◽

Total Economic Value ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Services And Supports

Abstract The economic value of family caregiving, by any measure, dwarfs actual expenditures on formal long-term services and supports (LTSS). This presentation discusses new estimates of the number of caregivers, intensity of caregiving, and the total economic value of family caregiving in 2017 in the United States, and in every state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, based on a meta-analysis of recent nationally representative surveys of family caregivers. Previous analyses of this type have found that the total economic value of family caregiving has increased steadily from $350 billion in 2005 to $470 billion in 2013. State variation in the incidence, intensity, and economic value of caregiving will be discussed, and key predictors of this variation will be identified.

Download Full-text

Disintermediating your friends: How online dating in the United States displaces other ways of meeting

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1908630116 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 116 (36) ◽

pp. 17753-17758 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Michael J. Rosenfeld ◽

Reuben J. Thomas ◽

Sonia Hausen

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Online Dating ◽

The United States ◽

Heterosexual Couples ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

First Time ◽

Over Time

We present data from a nationally representative 2017 survey of American adults. For heterosexual couples in the United States, meeting online has become the most popular way couples meet, eclipsing meeting through friends for the first time around 2013. Moreover, among the couples who meet online, the proportion who have met through the mediation of third persons has declined over time. We find that Internet meeting is displacing the roles that family and friends once played in bringing couples together.

Download Full-text

From Sufism to Universal Vision: Murat Yagan and the Teaching of Kebzeh

Journal of Sufi Studies ◽

10.1163/22105956-12341262 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 67-92

Author(s):

Chen Bram ◽

Meir Hatina

Keyword(s):

Cultural Exchange ◽

The United States ◽

Way Of Life ◽

The West ◽

Art Of Living ◽

The Caucasus ◽

Caucasus Mountains ◽

The 1960S ◽

First Time

This article examines aspects of cultural exchange between the Middle East and the West in which Sufism, Christianity, the traditions of the Circassians and New Age concepts played a central role. It focuses on the teaching of Murat Yagan, of Abkhaz-Circassian origin who grew up in Turkey and immigrated to Canada in the 1960s, where he developed his philosophy, Ahmsta Kebzeh (“the knowledge of the art of living”). The Kebzeh way of life emphasizes modesty, mutual responsibility and compassion. Yagan linked these values to the ancient ethos of the Caucasus Mountains which he sought to revive as the basis of a universal vision. The nature of Kebzeh was influenced by the cosmopolitan environment in which Yagan was educated in Turkey; by his enrollment with Sufi circles in North America; and by the multicultural Canadian atmosphere. These diverse influences enabled him to devise an ecumenical model of dialogue between cultures. The article provides a first-time survey and analysis of Kebzeh ideological and communal features. It sheds new light on the role of ethnicity and cultural heritage in immigrant societies in the context of the evolution of spirituality in Canada, a relatively unexplored milieu in comparison to the United States and Europe.

Download Full-text

Sick Body, Vigilant Mind

Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0956797611420166 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 22 (12) ◽

pp. 1467-1471 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Saul L. Miller ◽

Jon K. Maner

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Behavioral Immune System ◽

Psychological Mechanisms ◽

Interactive Nature ◽

Biological Immune System ◽

Recent Illness ◽

Shed Light

Activation of the behavioral immune system has been shown to promote activation of the biological immune system. The current research tested the hypothesis that activation of the biological immune system (as a result of recent illness) promotes activation of the behavioral immune system. Participants who had recently been ill, and had therefore recently experienced activation of their biological immune system, displayed heightened attention to (Study 1) and avoidance of (Study 2) disfigured individuals—cognitive and behavioral processes reflecting activation of the behavioral immune system. These findings shed light on the interactive nature of biological and psychological mechanisms designed to help people overcome the threat of disease.

Download Full-text