Effects of Exercise Training on  -Adrenergic Mediated Pressor Responses and Baroreflex Function in Older Subjects

1994 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. B277-B281 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Spina ◽  
R. E. Bourey ◽  
T. Ogawa ◽  
A. A. Ehsani
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Baroreflex Function ◽  
Pressor Responses ◽  
Older Subjects

Evidence of preserved endothelial function and vascular plasticity with age

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (3) ◽  
pp. H1271-H1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Walter Wray ◽  
Abhimanyu Uberoi ◽  
Lesley Lawrenson ◽  
Russell S. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Vascular Reactivity ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Handgrip Exercise ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Small Muscle ◽  
Flow Mediated Vasodilation ◽  
Cuff Occlusion

We sought to identify the relationship between shear stimuli and flow-mediated vasodilation and to determine whether small muscle mass exercise training could provoke limb-specific improvements in endothelial function in older subjects. In five young (22 ± 1 yr old) and six old (71 ± 2 yr old) subjects, ultrasound Doppler measurements were taken in the arm (brachial artery) and leg (deep and superficial femoral arteries) after suprasystolic cuff occlusion with and without ischemic exercise to evaluate flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in both limbs. Older subjects were reevaluated after 6 wk of single-leg knee extensor exercise training. Before the training, a significant FMD was observed in the arm of young (3 ± 1%) but not old (1 ± 1%) subjects, whereas a significant leg FMD was observed in both groups (5 ± 1% old vs. 3 ± 1% young). However, arm vasodilation was similar between young and old when normalized for shear rate, and cuff occlusion with superimposed handgrip exercise provoked additional shear, which proportionately improved the FMD response in both groups. Exercise training significantly improved arm FMD (5 ± 1%), whereas leg FMD was unchanged. However, ischemic handgrip exercise did not provoke additional arm vasodilation after training, which may indicate an age-related limit to shear-induced vasodilation. Together, these data demonstrate that vascular reactivity is dependent on limb and degree of shear stimuli, challenging the convention of diminished endothelial function typically associated with age. Likewise, exercise training improved arm vasodilation, indicating some preservation of vascular plasticity with age.

Baroreflex function and cardiac structure with moderate endurance training in normotensive men

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 2469-2477 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. McDonald ◽  
A. J. Sanfilippo ◽  
G. K. Savard
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Sinus Node ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cardiac Structure ◽  
Baroreflex Function ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Baroreflex

Changes in arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflex function and cardiac structure were followed throughout 10 wk of moderate endurance training [60 min of cycling, 3 days/wk, 60% maximal O2 uptake (VO2max)] in sedentary normotensive men (22–34 yr old). Subjects were randomly assigned to an exercise training group (ET; n = 9) or to a control group (UT; n = 4). Decreases in resting heart rate (8.9 +/- 2.6%, P < 0.01) and mean arterial pressure (7.0 +/- 2.3%, P < 0.05) and an increase in VO2max occurred after 10 wk in ET. An increase in the gain or slope of the spontaneous baroreflex response at rest was found after 10 wk in ET (50.1 +/- 6.3%, P < 0.01) but not in UT. An upward shift in the resting carotid-cardiac baroreflex response curve also occurred after 10 wk in ET, although the maximum range and gain of the response and the vagally mediated peak reflex sinus node responses were unchanged. Cardiopulmonary baroreflex function (reflex changes in forearm vascular conductance) and measured indexes of left ventricular structure were not altered in either ET or UT, although peak transmitral inflow velocity increased in ET (P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that moderate exercise training results in an enhancement in the ability to reflexly adjust heart rate with spontaneous changes in arterial pressure within the operating range. This occurs independently of any changes in carotid-cardiac baroreflex function over the full response range in cardiopulmonary baroreflex function or in cardiac structure.

Adrenergic and pressure-dependent vascular regulation in sedentary and trained rats

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (4) ◽  
pp. H1064-H1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Lash ◽  
T. Reilly ◽  
M. Thomas ◽  
H. G. Bohlen
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Carotid Artery Occlusion ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Vascular Regulation ◽  
Pressor Responses ◽  
Bilateral Carotid

In this study, we determined if aerobic exercise training alters adrenergic or pressure-dependent vascular regulation in the rat hindlimb or intestine. Pressor responses to bilateral carotid artery occlusion and systemic phenylephrine (PE) infusion were not altered by training. During occlusion, peak and steady-state changes in hindlimb vascular resistance (HLR) were significantly greater in trained (24 and 13%) than in sedentary (8 and -3%) rats; a similar trend existed for intestinal vascular resistance (IR). The pressure-dependent contribution was consistent between groups (HLR: peak 55-85%, steady state 25-45%; IR: peak and steady state 40-65%). During PE infusion, increases in IR and HLR were similar between groups. The increase in HLR was substantially pressure dependent in both groups (approximately 50% at highest dose) as was the change in IR in trained rats. However, the IR response to PE was not pressure dependent in sedentary rats. The direct effects of PE were similar between sedentary and trained rats in the hindlimb but were suppressed in the intestine of trained rats compared with sedentary rats. Therefore, aerobic exercise training altered adrenergic and pressure-dependent vasoregulatory mechanisms in both skeletal muscle and intestinal tissues.

Detraining-induced alterations in metabolic and fitness markers after a multicomponent exercise-training program in older men

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Ratel ◽  
Céline Gryson ◽  
Mélanie Rance ◽  
Stéphane Penando ◽  
Cécile Bonhomme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Older Subjects

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a 8-week detraining period after a 16-week multicomponent training program including strength and aerobic exercises on the main determinants of aerobic fitness, muscle strength and some metabolic markers in 24 older subjects (60.2 ± 3.0 years). The oxygen uptake at the second ventilatory threshold (VO2VT2) and at the end of exercise (VO2max), maximum voluntary contraction force (MVC) of knee extensors and some metabolic indexes, i.e., insulin sensitivity, blood lipid profile, inflammatory cytokines, and endothelial function, were evaluated at baseline and after the training and detraining periods. The training program induced significant improvements in VO2VT2 (16%, p < 0.05), VO2max (14%, p < 0.05), MVC (6.5%, p < 0.05), insulin sensitivity (16%, p < 0.05), and endothelial function (p < 0.05) but induced no significant change in lipid profile and inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, VO2VT2 and VO2max (mL·min–1·kg–1) scores remained significantly above pretraining values after the 8-week detraining period. However, the detraining period reversed MVC values, the insulin sensitivity and endothelial function to baseline levels. To conclude, the 8-week detraining partially reversed the major components of aerobic fitness but totally abolished the gains in muscle strength and some metabolic indexes after a 16-week multicomponent training program in older men. Taken as a whole, the results of this study emphasize the importance of exercise prescriptions for older subjects and the need not to interrupt exercise-training over a prolonged period.

Aerobic exercise training-induced changes in serum adropin level are associated with reduced arterial stiffness in middle-aged and older adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (10) ◽  
pp. H1642-H1647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shumpei Fujie ◽  
Natsuki Hasegawa ◽  
Koji Sato ◽  
Satoshi Fujita ◽  
Kiyoshi Sanada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Induced Changes

Aging-induced arterial stiffening is reduced by aerobic exercise training, and elevated production of nitric oxide (NO) participates in this effect. Adropin is a regulator of endothelial NO synthase and NO release, and circulating adropin level decreases with age. However, the effect of habitual aerobic exercise on circulating adropin levels in healthy middle-aged and older adults remains unclear. We sought to determine whether serum adropin level is associated with exercise training-induced changes in arterial stiffness. First, in a cross-sectional study, we investigated the association between serum adropin level and both arterial stiffness and cardiorespiratory fitness in 80 healthy middle-aged and older subjects (65.6 ± 0.9 yr). Second, in an intervention study, we examined the effects of 8-wk aerobic exercise training on serum adropin level and arterial stiffness in 40 healthy middle-aged and older subjects (67.3 ± 1.0 yr) divided into two groups: aerobic exercise training and sedentary controls. In the cross-sectional study, serum adropin level was negatively correlated with carotid β-stiffness ( r = −0.437, P < 0.001) and positively correlated with plasma NOx level ( r = 0.493, P < 0.001) and cardiorespiratory fitness ( r = 0.457, P < 0.001). Serum adropin levels were elevated after the 8-wk aerobic exercise training intervention, and training-induced changes in serum adropin level were correlated with training-induced changes in carotid β-stiffness ( r = −0.399, P < 0.05) and plasma NOx level ( r = 0.623, P < 0.001). Thus the increase in adropin may participate in the exercise-induced reduction of arterial stiffness.

Cardiac baroreflex function and dynamic cerebral autoregulation in elderly Masters athletes

2013 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent L. Aengevaeren ◽  
Jurgen A. H. R. Claassen ◽  
Benjamin D. Levine ◽  
Rong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Cerebral Autoregulation ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Baroreflex Function ◽  
Transfer Function Analysis ◽  
Masters Athletes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation ◽  
Lifelong Exercise

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is stably maintained through the combined effects of blood pressure (BP) regulation and cerebral autoregulation. Previous studies suggest that aerobic exercise training improves cardiac baroreflex function and beneficially affects BP regulation, but may negatively affect cerebral autoregulation. The purpose of this study was to reveal the impact of lifelong exercise on cardiac baroreflex function and dynamic cerebral autoregulation (CA) in older adults. Eleven Masters athletes (MA) (8 men, 3 women; mean age 73 ± 6 yr; aerobic training >15 yr) and 12 healthy sedentary elderly (SE) (7 men, 5 women; mean age 71 ± 6 yr) participated in this study. BP, CBF velocity (CBFV), and heart rate were measured during resting conditions and repeated sit-stand maneuvers to enhance BP variability. Baroreflex gain was assessed using transfer function analysis of spontaneous changes in systolic BP and R-R interval in the low frequency range (0.05–0.15 Hz). Dynamic CA was assessed during sit-stand–induced changes in mean BP and CBFV at 0.05 Hz (10 s sit, 10 s stand). Cardiac baroreflex gain was more than doubled in MA compared with SE (MA, 7.69 ± 7.95; SE, 3.18 ± 1.29 ms/mmHg; P = 0.018). However, dynamic CA was similar in the two groups (normalized gain: MA, 1.50 ± 0.56; SE, 1.56 ± 0.42% CBFV/mmHg; P = 0.792). These findings suggest that lifelong exercise improves cardiac baroreflex function, but does not alter dynamic CA. Thus, beneficial effects of exercise training on BP regulation can be achieved in older adults without compromising dynamic regulation of CBF.

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