Nation Branding in the Andean Community: Decision 876 of 23 April 2021 for a Common Nation Brand Regime

Community Decision ◽

Andean Community ◽

Nation Brands

Abstract On 23 April 2021, the Andean Community, comprised of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, adopted and published Decision 876 regulating the common nation brand regime for its territory. As a result, this integrated bloc of Latin American countries became a pioneer in this area. Decision 876 establishes a common regime for protecting country brands against any possible unauthorized registrations or the use of identical or similar signs in the Community’s Members Countries. It is interesting to note that, unlike other integration blocs in Latin America, the Andean Community has made notable progress in harmonizing regional regulations on intellectual property. In this sense, Decision 876 adds to its extensive legal corpus on the topic, with no similar rule existing in the other integration processes in the region. The Decision sets out the basic criteria related to Member Countries’ and third countries’ nation brands, the procedure for their protection and enforcement, and infringements.

Sectorial specialisation in East Asia and Latin America compared

Brazilian Journal of Political Economy ◽

10.1590/0101-31572002-0951 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 613-634 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MARCELA MIOZZO

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Latin America ◽

East Asia ◽

Latin American ◽

East Asian ◽

Institutional Arrangements ◽

The Other ◽

Asian Countries ◽

The Government ◽

ABSTRACT East Asian countries have been successful at specialising in machinery and capital goods. Latin American countries, on the other hand, have retreated from these sectors, reinforcing their specialisation in resource-intensive goods. Institutional arrangements in place in both regions explain these divergences. In particular, the differences in the strategy and structure of leading firms, the nature of industrial promotion by the government, the development and support of small and medium-sized firms and the operation of foreign-owned firms may explain the respective success and failure in sectoral specialisation in machinery. Failure to develop these sectors may hinder the process of economic development.

Innovation in Latin American Regionalism: The Andean Common Market

International Organization ◽

10.1017/s0020818300003453 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 181-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

William P. Avery ◽

James D. Cochrane

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Latin American ◽

Foreign Investment ◽

Regional Planning ◽

Regional Integration ◽

Common Market ◽

The Other ◽

Recent Attempt ◽

Negative Factors ◽

The Andean Common Market, the most recent attempt at regional integration in Latin America, differs from the other Latin American efforts both in the factors that prompted its formation and in the support it had when it was established. More importantly, it differs in its terms and provisions, providing for a higher level of integration than any other Latin American effort. Several of its features—a common policy on foreign investment, regional planning and coordination in such fields as industry and agriculture, a quasi–supranational secretariat — make it an innovative approach to integration in Latin America. Numerous factors enhance the integrative potential of Andean integration. Among these are relatively favorable ratings on several of the neo–functional variables of regional integration. These indicators suggest that the effort may attain its objectives and perhaps even set an example to be followed by other economic groupings among Latin American countries. Still, projections about the future of the Andean Common Market must remain mixed. Some negative factors exist within the movement that could, if they triumph over the positive factors, lead to the same stagnation that now characterizes LAFTA and the CACM.

ECHOES AND REPERCUSSIONS OF THE PROCLAMATION OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC AND THE START OF THE CIVIL WAR IN LATIN AMERICA: A PRELIMINARY APPROXIMATION

Latin-american Historical Almanac ◽

10.32608/2305-8773-2021-32-1-149-168 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 149-168

Author(s):

Pablo Buchbinder ◽

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Civil War ◽

Latin American ◽

Social Groups ◽

The Other ◽

Second Republic ◽

Secular Education ◽

The Face ◽

The Way

The aim of the article is to study the repercussions of the beginning of the Spanish Second Republic and the rebellion of July 18 in various Latin American countries. The cases of Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay are studied in particular. These repercussions are analyzed in the framework of the rise of dictatorial and authoritarian governments in most of these countries with the exception of Mexico since the early 1930s. The way in which governments, the Spanish immigrant com-munities and the different social groups in these countries acted in the face of both episodes are studied. The repercussions generated by the anticlerical policy of the first government of the second republic are an-alyzed, especially in the face of the dissolution of the company of Jesus and the introduction of secular education. The tensions that these poli-cies provoked in Argentina and Chile and the support that the second republic obtained in Mexico are analyzed. On the other hand, the way in which the news of the uprising of July 18, 1936 was received is studied. The support for the army by the governments of Uruguay and Chile and, again, the support that the Spanish legal government obtained in Mexico is analyzed.

Introduction

Financial Crisis Management and Democracy ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-54895-7_1 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Stephany Griffith-Jones ◽

Bettina De Souza Guilherme

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Latin American ◽

The European Union ◽

Joint Research ◽

Policy Suggestions ◽

The Common ◽

The Impact ◽

Finance Capitalism ◽

Global Financial System

AbstractThis book is the result of the first 3 years of the comparative and multidisciplinary Jean Monnet Network, “Crisis-Equity-Democracy for Europe and Latin America”, of senior academics and policy advisors from four European and three Latin American countries, including experts on the European Union and Latin American regionalism. The rationale of the project and the common link is that both Europe and Latin America can learn from their respective experiences on “crisis”, its management and the distributive and democratic implications at national and regional level. The main purposes of the joint research can be summarised as to (1) locate in the current global financial system as one of the very major causes of the financial and debt crises in the EU and Latin America; (2) demonstrate the impact of the paradigm change on global and EU economic governance; (3) analyse key systemic aspects of the global crisis, i.e. climate change, macro-financial instability and the weakening of democracy and their inter-connections; (4) map and evaluate how both regions and individual countries within both regions have tried to manage these crises; (5) discuss the economic, political and social effects of these crises on both regions and individual countries; (6) finally, to make policy suggestions on how to transition from finance capitalism to a more sustainable real capitalism, on how both regions can better manage/govern/respond to such systemic pressures and on how they can increase their cooperation.

Let it float: new empirical evidence on de facto exchange rate regimes and growth in Latin America

Estudios económicos ◽

10.52292/j.estudecon.2015.729 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 32 (65) ◽

pp. 3-18

Author(s):

Cecilia Bermúdez ◽

Carlos Dabús

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Latin America ◽

Exchange Rate ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Latin American ◽

Exchange Rate Regimes ◽

The Other ◽

Determinants Of Economic Growth ◽

This paper reassesses the evidence presented in Levy-Yeyati and Sturzenegger (LYS) (2003) on the relation between exchange rate regimes and economic growth. We use their de facto classification as well as their database, in order to gain robustness and efficiency in the results. We run System GMM estimations. Additionally, we focus on Latin American countries for the period 1974-2004. Differently to LYS, our evidence indicates that exchange rate regimes are not significant to explain economic growth, both in a worldwide sample of countries and particularly in Latin America. However, in this region flexible regimes appear to have more advantages in terms of the role of the determinants of economic growth in relation to the other exchange regimes.

Extra-regional aspects of Uruguay’s foreign policy (2010-2015

Cuadernos Iberoamericanos ◽

10.46272/2409-3416-2016-4-94-106 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 94-106

Author(s):

Irina Kireeva

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Foreign Policy ◽

Latin America ◽

Middle East ◽

Latin American ◽

The Other ◽

The European Union ◽

The Usa ◽

The article analyses extraregional aspects of Uruguay’s foreign policy during the presidency of José Mujica (2010-2015), namely the development of relations between Uruguay and the USA, the European Union, Russia and countries of Asia and Middle East such as China, India, Iran, Palestine and Israel. This aspect of Uruguayan foreign policy is particularly relevant amid the crisis in Mercosur, when Uruguay is trying to mitigate its adverse consequences for the country’s economy by expanding trade ties with the other countries, both within Latin America and beyond it. The relations between Uruguay and Latin American countries are touched upon in some investigations while Uruguay’s active foreign policy in other regions isn’t studied at all

Brucellaisolated in humans and animals in Latin America from 1968 to 2006

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268807008795 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 136 (4) ◽

pp. 496-503 ◽

Cited By ~ 75

Author(s):

N. E. LUCERO ◽

S. M. AYALA ◽

G. I. ESCOBAR ◽

N. R. JACOB

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Retrospective Analysis ◽

Latin American ◽

The Other ◽

Atypical Feature ◽

Susceptibility Patterns

SUMMARYWe report a retrospective analysis of 1933Brucellastrains isolated from humans and animals in Latin American countries between 1968 and 1991 and in Argentina between 1994 and 2006. During the first period 50% of strains were from humans, mainly from Argentina, Mexico and Peru but, whileB. suiswas the main cause of infection in Argentina,B. melitensiswas responsible for most infections in the other countries. In Argentina in the later years,B. melitensisandB. suiswere observed more frequently than in the first period while isolation ofB. abortusdecreased. Of 145B. melitensishuman isolates, eight gave susceptibility patterns to dyes and penicillin and two wereB. melitensisbiovar 3, which has never been reported in animals. Forty-six percent ofB. suisisolated were resistant to dyes which is an atypical feature in this species.

Critical Poverty and Marginality in Latin America: Security and Defense Problems for the Latin American Countries in the Near Future?

10.21236/ada326497 ◽

1997 ◽

Author(s):

Jose A. Vietry

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Latin American ◽

Near Future ◽

COVID-19 Mortality Rate and Its Incidence in Latin America: Dependence on Demographic and Economic Variables

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18136900 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 6900

Author(s):

Javier Cifuentes-Faura

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Population Density ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Latin American ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Death Rates ◽

Per Capita ◽

Quality Infrastructure

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has left millions infected and dead around the world, with Latin America being one of the most affected areas. In this work, we have sought to determine, by means of a multiple regression analysis and a study of correlations, the influence of population density, life expectancy, and proportion of the population in vulnerable employment, together with GDP per capita, on the mortality rate due to COVID-19 in Latin American countries. The results indicated that countries with higher population density had lower numbers of deaths. Population in vulnerable employment and GDP showed a positive influence, while life expectancy did not appear to significantly affect the number of COVID-19 deaths. In addition, the influence of these variables on the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 was analyzed. It can be concluded that the lack of resources can be a major burden for the vulnerable population in combating COVID-19 and that population density can ensure better designed institutions and quality infrastructure to achieve social distancing and, together with effective measures, lower death rates.

COVID-19 in Latin America: a first glance to the mortality

Colombia Medica ◽

10.25100/cm.v51i2.4366 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-3 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nubia Muñoz

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Latin American ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

European Countries ◽

Death Rates ◽

Death Toll ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Health Authorities ◽

The Us ◽

It is too early to know which will be the final death toll from the Covid-19 or SARS-CoV-2 virus epidemy in Latin America since the epidemy is still active and we will not know when it will end. The curve for new infections and deaths has not reached yet a peak (Figure 1). In addition, we know little about the epidemiology of this new virus. The daily litany of the number of people infected with the number of admissions to hospitals and intensive care units and the number of deaths guides health authorities to plan health services and politicians to gauge the degree of confinement necessary to control the transmission of the virus, but it says little about the magnitude of the problem if we do not relate it to the population at risk. At the end of the pandemic, we will be able to estimate age-standardized death rates for the different countries, but until then the crude death rates will provide a first glance or snapshot of the death toll and impact of the pandemic from March to May 2020. These rates are well below those estimated in other countries in Europe and North America: Belgium (82.6), Spain (58.0), the United Kingdom (57.5), Italy (55.0), France (42.9), Sweden (41.4), and the US (30.7). (Johns Hopkins CSSE, May 30, 2020). However, in the European countries and the US the number of deaths has reached a peak, while this is not the case in Latin American countries. (Figure 1). It should be taken into account that the above rates are crude and therefore, some of the differences could be due to the fact that European countries have a larger proportion of the population over 70 years of age in whom higher mortality rates have been reported.