7. Reproduction

The State ◽

Genetic Enhancement ◽

Gamete Donation ◽

Reproductive Autonomy ◽

Ethical Aspects ◽

Human Fertilisation

This chapter examines legal and ethical aspects of assisted reproduction. Topics discussed include infertility; the concept of reproductive autonomy; criticisms of assisted reproduction; regulation of assisted reproductive technologies; criticisms of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990; gamete donation; surrogacy; cloning; and genetic enhancement and eugenics. The chapter explores the extent to which the state should regulate decisions around reproduction or whether they should be left to the decision of the individuals concerned. Some people believe that the interests of children to be born should be taken into account, although there is extensive debates over how this should be done.

PROTECTION OF INHERITANCE RIGHTS OF A CHILD BORN WITH THE USE OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES

Law of succession ◽

10.18572/2072-4179-2021-1-39-41 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 39-41

Author(s):

Ksenia A. Zhirikova ◽

Keyword(s):

Assisted Reproduction ◽

Surrogate Mother

The article deals with the problems of inheritance by children born with the help of assisted reproductive technologies, in particular, after a surrogate mother, after the death of one of the parents, etc. These problems are not regulated in Russian legislation. The article proposes directions for its improvement in order to protect a child born with the help of assisted reproduction.

GAMETE DONATION. ETHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS

Reproductive Medicine ◽

10.37800/rm2020-1-21 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 13-19

Author(s):

L. Chalova ◽

V. Lokshin ◽

A. Guseva ◽

A. Kinzhibayev

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Fertilization ◽

Literature Review ◽

World Literature ◽

Legal Aspects ◽

Gamete Donation ◽

Vitro Fertilization ◽

National Legislation

This world literature review tries to determine the significance of the gamete donation in the field of assisted reproductive technologies as well as the availability of treatment methods using donation in in vitro fertilization programs. Gamete donation is regulated by every country's national legislation system, and quite often the laws vary between the states. There are practically no universal standards and/or rules in this area, which, in turn, leads to an ambivalent reaction towards reproductive practices.

Is Information Power? Comparing Anonymous and Open Egg Donation

Sociological Research Online ◽

10.5153/sro.4294 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 130-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Amy Speier

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Czech Republic ◽

The United States ◽

Fertility Treatment ◽

Egg Donation ◽

Gamete Donation ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Egg Donor

Both the Czech Republic and the United States are destinations for cross-border reproductive travellers. For North Americans, including Canadians, who opt to travel to the Czech Republic for IVF using an egg donor, they are entering a fertility industry that is anonymous. This makes the Czech Republic different from other European countries that necessitate open gamete donation, as in Austria, Germany and the United Kingdom. For reproductive travellers coming to the United States for fertility treatment, there is a wider menu of choices regarding egg donation given the vastly unregulated nature of the industry. More recently, professionals in the industry are pushing for ‘open’ egg donation. For intended parents traveling to either location seeking in vitro fertilization using an egg donor, they must choose whether or not to pursue open or closed donation. As pre-conception parents, they navigate competing discourses of healthy parenting of donor-conceived offspring. They must be reflexive about their choices, and protective when weighing their options, always keeping their future child's mental, physical and genetic health in mind. Drawing from ethnographic data collected over the course of six years in the United States and the Czech Republic, this paper will explore both programs, paying special attention to the question of how gamete donation and global assisted reproductive technologies intersect with different notions about healthy pre-conception parenting.

Should the state fund assisted reproductive technologies for HIV-discordant couples in South Africa who want to have children?

South African Journal of Bioethics and Law ◽

10.7196/sajbl.2018.v11i1.00622 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 38

Author(s):

Alastair W Moodley

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

The State ◽

Discordant Couples ◽

State Fund

Assisted reproduction for HIV-infected couples

Sexual Health ◽

10.1071/sh05008 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 223

Author(s):

Michelle Giles ◽

Anne Mijch ◽

Suzanne Garland

Keyword(s):

Assisted Reproduction ◽

Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Hiv Transmission ◽

Outcome Data ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Perinatal Hiv ◽

Desire To Have Children

Many HIV-infected individuals are in relationships with HIV-uninfected partners and desire to have children. This review focuses on the issue of reproductive choices for these couples, in particular assisted reproductive technologies, and summarises the published outcome data currently available. The results thus far from assisted reproductive technologies in optimising pregnancy outcomes and reducing heterosexual and perinatal HIV transmission are promising. In the future, it is essential that there is ongoing reporting of outcome data, publication of methodology and follow-up, and reporting of adverse outcomes.

Reproductive Autonomy and the Evolving Family in the Supreme Court of Canada: Implications for Assisted Reproductive Technologies

Journal of Canadian Studies ◽

10.3138/jcs.48.1.153 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 153-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dave Snow

Keyword(s):

Supreme Court ◽

Supreme Court Of Canada ◽

Reproductive Autonomy ◽

The Supreme Court

Diagnosis of breast diseases under the assisted reproductive technologies programme

Voprosy ginekologii akušerstva i perinatologii ◽

10.20953/1726-1678-2020-4-70-74 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 70-74

Author(s):

L.D. Belotserkovtseva ◽

◽

N.V. Klimova ◽

L.V. Kovalenko ◽

V.V. Danilogorskaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

The State ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Breast Diseases ◽

Old Patients ◽

Core Needle ◽

X Ray ◽

Radiation Imaging

Objective. To study the state of the breasts in women who undergo assisted reproductive technologies treatment, using modern methods of radiation imaging. Patients and methods. Pre- and prospective examination and analysis of the data of radiation imaging of the breasts of 220 women, having tubal factor infertility in combination with benign mammary dysplasia, who have successful or unsuccessful experience of participation in assisted reproductive technology programmes. The average age of patients was 42.5 years. Assessment points were: breast tissue density according to the findings of ultrasound, mammography and tomosynthesis, presence of clustered microcalcifications, presence of benign dysplastic processes and fibroadenomas of the breasts. Results. In the group of 35–39-year old patients, the most common pathological processes were fibrocystic mastopathy and fibroadenomas. The main diagnostic methods were ultrasound visualization and US-controlled core-needle vacuum-assisted biopsy. In the group of 40–44-year old women, the predominant pathological process was microcalcification clusters alongside high mammographic density. The main diagnostic methods were digital x-ray tomosynthesis and X-ray-guided core-needle vacuum-assisted biopsy. In the group of 45–49-year old women, cases of breast cancer were diagnosed. 12 women in this group had breast implants. Conclusion. Hormonal medication used in assisted reproductive technologies under the protocols of in-vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmatic sperm injection influence the state of the breasts, increasing a risk of developing diffuse benign mammary dysplasias and, quite possible, a risk of developing breast cancer later in life. Key words: breast diseases, assisted reproductive technologies, tomosynthesis, mammotome, clustered microcalcifications

Islamic beliefs on gamete donation: The impact on reproductive tourism in the Middle East and the United Kingdom

Clinical Ethics ◽

10.1177/1477750920927175 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 148-155

Author(s):

Siobhan Chien

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

Middle Eastern ◽

Third Party ◽

Gamete Donation ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Reproductive Tourism ◽

Sunni Islam ◽

The Impact

Approximately 15% of couples are affected by infertility worldwide. Subsequently, the use of assisted reproductive technologies is becoming increasingly popular, including the use of donor eggs, sperm and embryos. Despite ongoing ethical debate surrounding gamete donation, this is now a widely accepted practice in Western countries. Assisted reproductive technology is becoming more commonly utilised within the Muslim population; however, gamete donation remains a relatively controversial and taboo topic within this religion. Interestingly, there are significant differences in beliefs between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims. Whilst Sunni Islam absolutely forbids the use of third-party reproductive assistance, Shi’a Islam is somewhat more lenient towards this practice. Reproductive tourism has therefore become prevalent in Shi’a Middle Eastern countries that permit the use of donor gametes in assisted reproductive technologies; however, this continues to evoke a strong bioethical debate, particularly around sperm donation. With the increased influx of reproductive tourism, this is beginning to weaken the regional Sunni Islam ban on the use of donor technologies, questioning the morality of their current beliefs. Consideration of religious beliefs is also crucial for patient-centred care in UK patients treated by the National Health Service for fertility issues. Of note, there is a lack of non-Caucasian donors in the United Kingdom. Reproductive tourism is also becoming increasingly common in the United Kingdom and needs to be considered in terms of future patient management in delivering good obstetric care.

Cancer Genetic Testing and Assisted Reproduction

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2006.06.6100 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 24 (29) ◽

pp. 4775-4782 ◽

Cited By ~ 79

Author(s):

Kenneth Offit ◽

Kelly Kohut ◽

Bartholt Clagett ◽

Eve A. Wadsworth ◽

Kelly J. Lafaro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Testing ◽

Assisted Reproduction ◽

Familial Cancer ◽

Genetic Diagnosis ◽

Young Patients ◽

The United States ◽

Cancer Genetic ◽

Cancer Syndromes

Purpose Because of increasing uptake of cancer genetic testing and the improving survival of young patients with cancer, health care practitioners including oncologists will increasingly be asked about options for assisted reproduction by members of families affected by hereditary cancer syndromes. Among these reproductive options, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) offers the opportunity to select embryos without familial cancer-predisposing mutations. Methods A review of the published literature supplemented by a survey of PGD centers in the United States. Results Prenatal diagnosis and/or embryo selection after genetic testing has already been performed in the context of more than a dozen familial cancer syndromes, including the common syndromes of genetic predisposition to colon and breast cancer. Conclusion While constituting new reproductive options for families affected by cancer, the medical indications and ethical acceptance of assisted reproductive technologies for adult-onset cancer predisposition syndromes remain to be defined. Continued discussion of the role of PGD in the reproductive setting is needed to inform the responsible use of these technologies to decrease the burden of heritable cancers.