12. Health Resources and Dilemmas in Treatment

2019 ◽  
pp. 411-439
Author(s):  
G. T. Laurie ◽  
S. H. E. Harmon ◽  
E. S. Dove
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Global Distribution ◽  
Medical Resources ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Individual

This chapter discusses ethical and legal aspects of the global distribution of medical resources; the allocation of national resources; and medical treatment of the individual. It argues that so long as decisions are made taking into account fundamental moral values and principles of equity, impartiality, and fairness, and provided the bases for decision making are flexible in relation to the times, then the underlying system is just and is likely to yield just results.

scholarly journals Informing the Gestalt: An Ethical Framework for Allocating Scarce Federal Public Health and Medical Resources to States During Disasters

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann R. Knebel ◽  
Virginia A. Sharpe ◽  
Marion Danis ◽  
Lauren M. Toomey ◽  
Deborah K. Knickerbocker
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Logic Model ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Medical Resources ◽  
Individual Patient Level ◽  
Federal Leaders ◽  
The Individual

AbstractDuring catastrophic disasters, government leaders must decide how to efficiently and effectively allocate scarce public health and medical resources. The literature about triage decision making at the individual patient level is substantial, and the National Response Framework provides guidance about the distribution of responsibilities between federal and state governments. However, little has been written about the decision-making process of federal leaders in disaster situations when resources are not sufficient to meet the needs of several states simultaneously. We offer an ethical framework and logic model for decision making in such circumstances. We adapted medical triage and the federalism principle to the decision-making process for allocating scarce federal public health and medical resources. We believe that the logic model provides a values-based framework that can inform the gestalt during the iterative decision process used by federal leaders as they allocate scarce resources to states during catastrophic disasters. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1–10)

scholarly journals A Novel Multiattribute Decision-Making Method Based on Point–Choquet Aggregation Operators and Its Application in Supporting the Hierarchical Medical Treatment System in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1718
Author(s):  
Runtong Zhang ◽  
Yuping Xing ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Xiaopu Shang ◽  
Xiaomin Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Choquet Integral ◽  
Aggregation Operators ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Medical Resources ◽  
New Class ◽  
Fuzzy Point ◽  
Fuzzy Environment ◽  
Novel Approach

The hierarchical medical treatment system is an efficient way to solve the problem of insufficient and unbalanced medical resources in China. Essentially, classifying the different degrees of diseases according to the doctor’s diagnosis is a key step in pushing forward the hierarchical medical treatment system. This paper proposes a framework to solve the problem where diagnosis values are given as picture fuzzy numbers (PFNs). Point operators can reduce the uncertainty of doctor’s diagnosis and get intensive information in the process of decision making, and the Choquet integral operator can consider correlations among symptoms. In order to take full advantage of these two kinds of operators, in this paper, we firstly define some point operators under the picture fuzzy environment, and further propose a new class of picture fuzzy point–Choquet integral aggregation operators. Moreover, some desirable properties of these operators are also investigated in detail. Then, a novel approach based on these operators for multiattribute decision-making problems in the picture fuzzy context is introduced. Finally, we give an example to illustrate the applicability of the new approach in assisting hierarchical medical treatment system. This is of great significance for integrating the medical resources of the whole society and improving the service efficiency of the medical service system.

scholarly journals Decision-making capacity in adults: its assessment in clinical practice

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 294-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bellhouse ◽  
Anthony Holland ◽  
Isobel Clare ◽  
Michael Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Refusal Of Treatment ◽  
Decision Making Capacity ◽  
English Law ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

In English Law, an adult has the right to make decisions affecting his or her own life, whether the reasons for that choice are rational, irrational, unknown or even non-existent. This right remains even if the outcome of the decision might be detrimental to the individual (Re T (Adult: Refusal of Treatment), 1992) or to a viable foetus (Re S (Adult: Refusal of Medical Treatment), 1992). However, such a right to self-determination is meaningful only if the individual is appropriately informed, has the ability (capacity) to make the decision and is free to decide without coercion (Grisso, 1986).

DECISION-MAKING ON INVESTMENT OF IT-INNOVATION BASED ON FUZZY EXPERT INFORMATION

2018 ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
Olga Olegovna Eremenko ◽  
Lyubov Borisovna Aminul ◽  
Elena Vitalievna Chertina
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Investment Management ◽  
It Projects ◽  
Product Model ◽  
Project Cost ◽  
Reasoning System ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
The Individual

The subject of the research is the process of making managerial decisions for innovative IT projects investing. The paper focuses on the new approach to decision making on investing innovative IT projects using expert survey in a fuzzy reasoning system. As input information, expert estimates of projects have been aggregated into six indicators having a linguistic description of the individual characteristics of the project type "high", "medium", and "low". The task of decision making investing has been formalized and the term-set of the output variable Des has been defined: to invest 50-75% of the project cost; to invest 20-50% of the project cost; to invest 10-20% of the project cost; to send the project for revision; to turn down investing project. The fuzzy product model of making investment management decisions has been developed; it adequately describes the process of investment management. The expediency of using constructed production model on a practical example is shown.

The transformation of the decision-making process on the part of economic agents influenced by social constraints

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1202-1222
Author(s):  
M.V. Grechko ◽  
L.A. Kobina ◽  
S.A. Goncharenko
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Economic Knowledge ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Contextual Environment ◽  
Economic Constraints ◽  
External Signals

Subject. The article focuses on the decision-making mechanism used by economic agents given the existing social constraints. Objectives. We devise applied toolkit to study how socio-economic constraints transform the decision-making mechanism used by economic agents. Methods. The study involves means of the expert survey, the method that streamlines economic knowledge. Results. Social constraints are illustrated to influence the decision-making mechanism used by economic agents, assuming that the individual mind relies on specific mechanisms to make judgments and decisions. Generally, the mechanisms are very useful, however they may generate serious errors during the decision-making process. Given the social constraints, economic agents were found to follow four mental models to make their decisions in case of the full or partial uncertainty, i.e. the representative relevance, accessibility, relations, heuristics (modeling). Conclusions and Relevance. The scientific ideas herein show that the inner architecture of a choice an individual makes determines his or her decisions. The decisions often depend on the contextual environment that gives external signals perceived by the individual while evaluating alternative ways. The findings can possibly be used as a mechanism to manage the consumer choice.

Conscientious Objection (European and American approaches)

Law and World ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-144
Keyword(s):  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Conscientious Objection ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
State Regulations ◽  
Conscientious Objectors ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Individual

The Article concerns the legal issues, connected with the situation, when a person (or group of people) disobey requirements of the Law or other State regulations on the basis of religious or nonreligious belief. The Author analyses almost all related issues – whether imposing certain obligation on individuals, to which the individual has a conscientious objection based on his/her religious beliefs, always represents interference with his/her religion rights, and if it does, then what is subject of the interference – forum integrum or forum externum; whether neutral regulation, which does not refer to religion issues at all, could ever be regarded as interference into someone’s religious rights; whether opinion or belief, on which the individual’s objection and the corresponding conduct is based, must necesserily represent the clear “manifest” of the same religion or belief in order to gain legal protection; what is regarded as “manifest” of the religion or other belief in general and whether a close and direct link must exist between personal conduct and requirements of the religious or nonreligious belief; what are the criteria of the “legitimacy” of the belief; to what extent the following factors should be taken into consideration : whether the personal conduct of the individual represents the official requirements of corresponding religion or belief, what is the burden which was imposed on the believer’s religious or moral feelings by the State regulation, also, proportionality and degree of sincerity of the individual who thinks that his disobidience to the Law is required by his/her religious of philosofical belief. The effects (direct or non direct) of the nonfulfilment of the law requirement (legal responsibility, lost of the job, certain discomfort, etc..) are relevant factors as well. By the Author, all these circumstances and factors are essencial while estimating, whether it arises, actually, a real necessity and relevant obligation before a state for making some exemptions from the law to the benefi t of the conscientious objectors, in cases, if to predict such an objection was possible at all. So, the issues are discussed in the prism of the negative and positive obligations of a State. Corresponding precedents of the US Supreme Court and European Human Rights Court have been presented and analysed comparatively by the Author in the Article. The Article contains an important resume, in which the main points, principal issues and conclusion remarks are delivered. The Author shows, that due analysis of the legal aspects typical to “Conscientious objection” is very important for deep understanding religious rights, not absolute ones, and facilitates finding a correct answer on the question – how far do their boundaries go?

scholarly journals Covid-19 FAQ’s in Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology – AEPC position paper.

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Skaiste Sendzikaite ◽  
Ruth Heying ◽  
Ornella Milanesi ◽  
Katarina Hanseus ◽  
Ina Michel-Behnke
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Position Paper ◽  
Paediatric Cardiology ◽  
European Paediatric ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
The Times ◽  
Almost All

Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic has had a huge influence in almost all areas of life, affecting societies, economics and health care systems worldwide. The paediatric cardiology community is no exception. As the challenging battle with Covid-19 continues, professionals from the Association for the European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC) receive many questions regarding Covid-19 in a Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology setting. The aim of this paper is to present the AEPC position on frequently asked questions based on the most recent scientific data, as well as to frame a discussion on how to take care of our patients during this unprecedented crisis. As the times are changing quickly and information regarding Covid-19 is very dynamic, continuous collection of evidence will help guide constructive decision-making.

Of Love and Laetrile: Medical Decision Making in a Child's Best Interests

1979 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-294
Author(s):  
Eve T. Horwitz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
State Agency ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Life Threatening

AbstractTwo recent cases have raised important questions concerning the appropriateness of state intervention in parental choices of unorthodox medical treatment for children with life-threatening conditions. This Note first discusses whether, and if so, when, state intervention in a child's treatment selection by its parents is appropriate, and then analyzes the tests a court should apply in deciding upon an appropriate treatment. The Note recommends a decision-making approach that requires the appropriate state agency to prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that the parents' choice of medical treatment either is directly or is indirectly harming their child. Under this approach, if the state meets its burden of proof the court then must apply the ‘best interests’ test, rather than the ‘substituted judgment’ test, to choose an appropriate medical treatment for the child.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document