The role of political leaders in mitigating the risk of mass atrocities: an analysis of Khama, Kaunda and Nyerere

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen McLoughlin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
General Question ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Genocide Studies ◽  
Political Environments ◽  
Structural Risk ◽  
Atrocity Crimes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This article examines the impact that three political leaders—Seretse Khama, Kenneth Kaunda and Julius Nyerere—had on navigating the long-term risk associated with mass atrocities. While the scholarship on comparative genocide studies has acknowledged the crucial dimension of leadership in the perpetration of such violence, very little is known about the preventive influence of leaders in cases where risk is present. This influence works both ways: the ideas, decisions and policies of political leaders are often the most instrumental factor in effective processes of risk mitigation. Yet to date, there has been no systematic study of the role of leadership in managing and ameliorating risk associated with mass atrocities. Indeed, the more general question of why mass atrocities do not occur is also largely neglected. I argue that these leaders were cognisant of the disruptive potential of tribal, ethnic and religious division; they advocated for inclusive national identities and developed policies that fostered social cohesion; and were effective in creating social and political environments that had an inhibitory effect on structural risk factors associated with atrocity crimes.

Inhibitory Effect of MicroRNA-376b-Overexpressing Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) on Malignant Characteristics of Glioma Cells Through Targeting Forkhead Box Protein P2 (FOXP2)

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 971-977
Author(s):  
Ruoyu Zhu ◽  
Zhonglin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Glioma Cell ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Glioma Cells ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Transwell Assay ◽  
Cell Behaviors ◽  
Forkhead Box ◽  
Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
The Impact

This study investigated the impact of microRNA (miR)-376b derived from BMSCs on glioma progression. BMSCs were transfected with miR-376b mimic, miR-376b inhibitor or NC and then cocultured with glioma cells followed by measuring cell behaviors by MTT assay, Transwell assay and flow cytometry, FOXP2 and miR-376b expression by Western blot and RT-qPCR. After confirming the inhibitory and mimicking activity of transfection, we found that overexpression of miR-376b in BMSCs decreased glioma cell invasion, migration and proliferation but promoted cell apoptosis within 24 h and 48 h after transfection along with reduced number of cells in S-phase. Mechanically, miR-376b targeted miR-376b and up-regulation of miR-376b caused down-regulation of FOXP2 (p < 0.05). Overexpression of miR-376b in BMSCs decelerated glioma cell cycle and inhibitedmalignant behaviors of glioma cells by targeting FOXP2 expression. These evidence unveils the potential role of FOXP2 as a biomarker for the treatment of gliomas.

Quantitative Selection of Variation Reduction Plans

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna C. Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Variation Reduction ◽  
Multiple Quality Characteristics ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Manufacturing Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Manufacturing Variation ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Quality has been a rallying call in the design and manufacturing world for the last two decades. One way to improve quality is to reduce the impact of manufacturing variation. Variation risk mitigation is challenging especially when a product has multiple quality characteristics and complex production and assembly. It is common wisdom that companies should identify and mitigate the risk associated with variation throughout the design process. As yield problems are identified, they should be mitigated using the most cost effective approach. One approach to variation risk mitigation is variation reduction (VR). VR targets reduction of variation introduced by existing manufacturing processes using tools such as Design of Experiments (DOE) and robust design. Many companies have specialized groups that specialize in these methods. VR teams have the role of improving manufacturing performance; however, these teams are limited in their resources. In addition, no tools exist to quantitatively determine where a VR team’s efforts are most effectively deployed. This paper provides a mathematical and optimization model to best allocate VR resources in a complex product.

scholarly journals The ‘Age of Iron and Rust’ in Cassius Dio’s Roman History: Influences from Stoic Philosophy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Noe
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Roman History ◽  
Political Environments ◽  
Stoic Philosophy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stoic Logic

This paper discusses the impact of Stoic philosophy on Cassius Dio’s imperial books of his Roman History. It is demonstrated how fundamental Stoic ideas influenced Dio’s constitutional discussions and the role of the emperor as in the Agrippa-Maecenas debate in book 52, and how Dio evaluated political environments as well as political developments in the Empire with inspirations from Stoic logic. Moreover, this paper argues that the iron age in his contemporary narrative from the emperor Commodus to Caracalla is also fundamentally an iron age on the basis of Stoic values.

The Credit Securitisation Process as a Tool of Portfolio Credit Risk Managing

2012 ◽  
pp. 5-28
Author(s):  
Di Clemente Annalisa
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Probability Of Default ◽  
Loan Portfolio ◽  
Asset Return ◽  
Portfolio Credit Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulation Model

This study explores the role of the credit securitisation process in managing the credit risk amount of the banking loan portfolio, when the bank originator retains a residual equitylike class as illiquid first loss position (FLP). An Importance Sampling Monte Carlo simulation model has been implemented for estimating the portfolio credit risk amount, taking into account the portfolio credit risk mitigation effect provided by the credit securitisation process. This study identifies the credit asset pool able to produce the larger effect of credit risk reduction on the loan portfolio, when the asset pool is unloaded off the banking book. Moreover, this simulation analysis quantifies the extent of the portfolio credit risk mitigation, produced by the securitisation process of the asset pool previously identified. The impact of the securitisation activity has been also investigated when the probability of default and the asset return correlation of the obligors in portfolio are changing.

The impact of ethical political leadership on the public: The mediating role of confidence in political leaders

Leadership ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weichun Zhu ◽  
Steve M Norman ◽  
Zongchao Peng ◽  
Ronald E Riggio ◽  
John J Sosik
Keyword(s):  
Random Sample ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Dynamic Relationships ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

This study examined the dynamic relationships among ethical political leadership, the public’s confidence in political leaders, commitment to the nation, and the perception of being safe from a terrorist attack. Based on a U.S. national random sample (n = 1604), we found that the public’s confidence in political leaders mediates the effect of ethical political leadership on the public’s commitment to the nation and the perception of being safe from a terrorist attack. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Dysregulation of Corticosterone Secretion in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats: Modulatory Role of the Adrenocortical Nitrergic System

Endocrinology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Repetto ◽  
R. Sanchez ◽  
J. Cipelli ◽  
F. Astort ◽  
C. Martinez Calejman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
No Donor ◽  
Corticosterone Secretion ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Increased Activity

Abstract An increased activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis resulting in exaggerated glucocorticoid secretion has been repeatedly described in patients with diabetes mellitus and in animal models of this disease. However, it has been pointed out that experimental diabetes is accompanied by a decreased glucocorticoid response to ACTH stimulation. Because previous studies from our laboratory demonstrate the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the modulation of corticosterone production, present investigations were designed to evaluate 1) the impact of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on the adrenocortical nitrergic system and 2) the role of NO in the modulation of adrenal steroidogenesis in STZ-diabetic rats. Four weeks after STZ injection, increased activity and expression levels of proteins involved in l-arginine transport and in NO synthesis were detected, and increased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive species, carbonyl adducts, and nitrotyrosine-modified proteins were measured in the adrenocortical tissue of hyperglycemic rats. An impaired corticosterone response to ACTH was evident both in vivo and in adrenocortical cells isolated from STZ-treated animals. Inhibition of NO synthase activity resulted in higher corticosterone generation in adrenal tissue from STZ-treated rats. Moreover, a stronger inhibition of steroid output from adrenal cells by a NO donor was observed in adrenocortical Y1 cells previously subjected to high glucose (30 mm) treatment. In summary, results presented herein indicate an inhibitory effect of endogenously generated NO on steroid production, probably potentiated by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, in the adrenal cortex of STZ-treated rats.

scholarly journals The Negative Effects of Smart Phones on the Jordanian Children from the Perspective of Parents

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Fatima Abdelhadi Zainelabdin
Keyword(s):  
Social Institutions ◽  
Smart Phones ◽  
General Question ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Negative Behaviors ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Social Habits ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Structured Program

The study entitled "The Negative Effects of Smart Phones on the Jordanian Children from the Perspective of Parents" seeks to answer the following general question: What is the impact of using a smartphone on the socialization of Jordanian children from the perspective of parents? The descriptive study aimed to know the impact of using the smartphone on the socialization of the child and the nature of the values and behaviors acquired by the child as a result of using the smartphone. The researcher relied on the tools of scientific observation without the participation or a questionnaire was distributed on a sample estimated (300) parents, using the intentional sample of parents, in Amman; the researcher has reached the following results: 66% of children always use a smartphone, 36% of children started their interest in the smartphone from 3 to 5 years, 52% of children take half an hour to an hour using a smartphone, 34% of children use a smartphone depending on the circumstances, 39.33% of the children had a poor concentration after using the smartphone, 53.33% adopt negative behaviors as a result of using their smartphone, 48.66% of children become interacting with others after using the smartphone, 56.66% of children have diseases after they used a smartphone, including autism.  The study recommends: The need to activate the role of social institutions, especially the family through the protection of children from programs, videos and applications and awareness of the seriousness of what is provided in the smartphone, parents were keen to establish good social habits that contribute to the formation of the child's personality, as well as the development of an accurate and structured program for children on the hours and times of their use of the smartphone so as not to affect their school hours.

SOMETHING IN COMMON?

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Wallsten ◽  
Tatishe M. Nteta
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Persuasive Messages ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Political Partisanship ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Attitudinal Effects ◽  
Racial Lines ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDoes elite rhetoric influence how Latinos view their relationship with African Americans? In this paper, we provide a systematic empirical assessment of the impact that elite messages have on Latino perceptions of economic and political commonality by drawing on two unique data sources: the 2006 Latino National Survey (LNS) and a survey experiment embedded in the September 2010 Latino Decisions Tracking Poll (LDS). Our analysis reveals that the attitudinal effects of exposure to elite messages are strongly conditioned by one's political partisanship. To be more precise, we find that although exposure to elite messages leads Democrats to express more in common politically with African Americans, it fails to exert any significant influence among other groups and on different dependent variables. Specifically, the evidence presented here shows that reception of persuasive messages from like-minded political leaders contributes nothing to our understanding of how attitudes on economic commonality are formed and very little to our understanding of the source from which perceptions of political commonality arise among Republicans and Independents. In addition to making significant contributions to the literatures on commonality, multiracial coalitions and public opinion, these findings also make a strong case for further evaluating the role of political leadership in forging bonds of cooperation across racial lines.

scholarly journals Are Female Political Leaders Role Models? Lessons from Asia

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan-Jan Sarah Liu
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Descriptive Representation ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
East And Southeast Asia ◽  
Female Legislators ◽  
The Impact

Despite vast research on women’s descriptive representation, little is known about its influence on women’s political engagement in East and Southeast Asia where gender norms are different from those in other parts of the world. I theorize that the discrepancy between women’s political and social rights in the region makes it difficult for women to envision themselves as equal to their male counterparts. Thus, women are less reluctant to play a “man’s game” even when they see female political leaders. Using a multilevel model with data from the Asian Barometer Survey and various additional sources, I examine the impact of female parliamentarians in the region and find that they significantly reduce women’s political participation. My results suggest that the female legislators’ role model effect found in existing literature on Western democracies does not apply to East and Southeast Asia. Instead, female political leaders generate a backlash effect on women’s political engagement. This research raises implications for the role of context in the effectiveness of women’s symbolic representation and calls for further exploration on the connection between women’s symbolic and descriptive representation.

scholarly journals Role of wastewater treatment in COVID-19 control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Chen ◽  
Keith Hayward ◽  
Stuart J. Khan ◽  
Banu Örmeci ◽  
Sudhir Pillay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Review Paper ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Global Response ◽  
Task Team ◽  
Water Association ◽  
Managing Risk ◽  
Developed World ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The International Water Association (IWA) initiated a Task Force in April 2020 to serve as a leadership team within IWA whose role is to keep abreast and communicate the emerging science, technology, and applications for understanding the impact and the ability to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and specifically designed for water professionals and industries. Expertise was nominated across the world with the purpose of collectively providing the water sector with knowledge products for the guidance on the control of COVID-19 and other viruses. This review paper developed by a working group of the IWA Task Force focuses on the control of COVID-19. The purpose of this review paper is to provide an understanding of existing knowledge with regards to COVID-19 and provide the necessary guidance of risk mitigation based on currently available knowledge of viruses in wastewater. This review paper considered various scenarios for both the developed world and the developing world and provided recommendations for managing risk. The review paper serves to pool the knowledge with regards to the pandemic and in relation to other viruses. The IWA Task Team envisage that this review paper provides the necessary guidance to the global response to the ongoing pandemic.

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