scholarly journals The SARS, MERS and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: what lessons have we learned?

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah C Peeri ◽  
Nistha Shrestha ◽  
Md Siddikur Rahman ◽  
Rafdzah Zaki ◽  
Zhengqi Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The North ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract Objectives To provide an overview of the three major deadly coronaviruses and identify areas for improvement of future preparedness plans, as well as provide a critical assessment of the risk factors and actionable items for stopping their spread, utilizing lessons learned from the first two deadly coronavirus outbreaks, as well as initial reports from the current novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic in Wuhan, China. Methods Utilizing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, USA) website, and a comprehensive review of PubMed literature, we obtained information regarding clinical signs and symptoms, treatment and diagnosis, transmission methods, protection methods and risk factors for Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and COVID-19. Comparisons between the viruses were made. Results Inadequate risk assessment regarding the urgency of the situation, and limited reporting on the virus within China has, in part, led to the rapid spread of COVID-19 throughout mainland China and into proximal and distant countries. Compared with SARS and MERS, COVID-19 has spread more rapidly, due in part to increased globalization and the focus of the epidemic. Wuhan, China is a large hub connecting the North, South, East and West of China via railways and a major international airport. The availability of connecting flights, the timing of the outbreak during the Chinese (Lunar) New Year, and the massive rail transit hub located in Wuhan has enabled the virus to perforate throughout China, and eventually, globally. Conclusions We conclude that we did not learn from the two prior epidemics of coronavirus and were ill-prepared to deal with the challenges the COVID-19 epidemic has posed. Future research should attempt to address the uses and implications of internet of things (IoT) technologies for mapping the spread of infection.

scholarly journals Dementia and Major Neurocognitive Disorders: Some Lessons Learned One Century after the first Alois Alzheimer’s Clinical Notes

Geriatrics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Donatella Rita Petretto ◽  
Gian Pietro Carrogu ◽  
Luca Gaviano ◽  
Lorenzo Pili ◽  
Roberto Pili
Keyword(s):  
Young Woman ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Alzheimer Dementia ◽  
Clinical Notes ◽  
Alois Alzheimer ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms

Over 100 years ago, Alois Alzheimer presented the clinical signs and symptoms of what has been later called “Alzheimer Dementia” in a young woman whose name was Augustine Deter [...]

scholarly journals Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Graves Disease: Comparing Overt Hyperthyroid and Remission State

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A284-A285
Author(s):  
Intan Nurjannah ◽  
Wismandari Wisnu ◽  
Dicky L Tahapary ◽  
Ika Prasetya Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Carotid Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Graves Disease ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Media Thickness ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Overt Hyperthyroidism

Abstract Background/Objective: Hyperthyroid has been associated with increased cardiovascular event. Carotidintima media thickness (CIMT) is oftenly measured to evaluate the risk of cardiovascularevent. The aim of this study is to measure CIMT in Graves’ disease and to comparebetween subjects in overt hyperthyroidism and remission state. Methods: Our study was a cross-sectional study performed at the outpatient endocrinologyclinic of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia. Graves’ disease subjects were recruited, of whom then grouped into overthyperthyroidism (clinical signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism, low THS, highthyroxine levels, treatment naïve of within 3 months of treatments) and remission state(no clinical signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism, normal THs and thyroxine levels,without any anti thyroid drugs for at least 6 months). CIMT measurements wereperformed by trained physician on both right and left artery carotid arteries using anultrasound equipped with software that automatically measured the CIMT. We alsomeasured lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, and ECG. Results: We recruited 49 Graves’ disease subjects, of whom 32 and 17 subjects werein overt hyperthyroidism and remission state respectively. Median CIMT in overthyperthyroidism and remission state were 0,473 mm and 0,488 mm respectively, p:0,109. Among clinical and laboratory risk factors, only age which had an independentcorrelation with CIMT in Graves disease. (r: 0,371; p:<0,0001). Discussion: Our is the first study that measured CIMT among subjects with Graves’disease in remission and overt hyperthyroidism state, of which we observed nodifferences. This might be due to the fact that the atherosclerosis risk factors were notdistributed evenly on both group, of which subjects were older in the remission group. Ithas been reported that there are increasing CIMT along with aging (0,003-0,010 mm peryear). Furthermore, in remission state we need to take metabolic and physical changesinto consideration, such as increasing weight as much as 2,5% from prior weight alongwith increasing total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol which both can affect CIMT levels. Conclusions: There are no significant differences in CIMT between overt hyperthyroid andremission state in Graves’ disease. Keywords: carotid intima media thickness, Graves’ disease, overt hyperthyroid, remission.

A serological and epidemiological evaluation of risk factors for toxocariasis in children in central Poland

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Żarnowska ◽  
Anna Borecka ◽  
Jakub Gawor ◽  
Magdalena Marczyńska ◽  
Sabina Dobosz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Data Contamination ◽  
Central Poland ◽  
Epidemiological Risk ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms

AbstractThe level of specific anti-Toxocara IgG was examined in 343 children from central Poland with suspected Toxocara infection. Based on the presence of specific IgG antibodies and clinical signs and symptoms, toxocariasis was confirmed in 249 patients. The serological results of diagnosed cases were analysed in connection with epidemiological data (contamination of soil around the children's homes and presence of a dog or a cat). A higher prevalence of soil contamination with Toxocara eggs was found in suburban and rural areas (30.9% and 24.6%, respectively) whereas it was lower in urban areas (10.3%). In about 40% of the children whose households were not contaminated, a decrease in the antibody level was observed 2 years after treatment for toxocariasis, while there was no such decline in those living in contaminated places. The logistic regression model employed to determine the correlation between seropositivity in the children and selected epidemiological risk factors showed a statistically significant relationship in connection only with dog ownership (P = 0.0238). The present results have demonstrated the high risk of toxocariasis for children from rural and suburban areas in Poland. The sero-epidemiological investigations indicated that re-infection might be the reason for persistence of seropositivity after treatment.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Disease-19 and Dentistry: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (T1) ◽  
pp. 618-621
Author(s):  
Fareedi Mukram Ali ◽  
Kishor Patil ◽  
Elnur Ibrahim Albashir ◽  
Abdulhamid Aidarous Alamir
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Dental Practitioners ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a novel form of virus with a new strain identified recently in humans. Common clinical signs and symptoms primarily consist of fever, cough, and breathing difficulties. In severe cases, it can results in pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure, and even death. It is important to follow all infection control measures in prevention of the nCoV from spreading and controlling the epidemic situation. The risk of cross infection can be high between dental practitioners and patients due to the features of dental clinical settings. Here, we are summarizing the nCoV related information and infection control measures to be followed in dental practice.

Pathophysiology and management of pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muna Noori ◽  
Catherine Nelson-Piercy
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Genetic Susceptibility ◽  
Antihypertensive Therapy ◽  
Hellp Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Multisystem Disorder ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms

Pre-eclampsia is a multisystem disorder of pregnancy, characterized by the gestational onset of hypertension and proteinuria, which presents as part of a spectrum of disease with potentially serious consequences for both mother and foetus. Pre-eclampsia is a syndrome with multiple aetiologies, which has made it difficult to develop adequate screening tests and treatments. Pre-eclampsia is likely to develop only in vulnerable women with a mix of genetic susceptibility, vascular, metabolic, and inflammatory dysfunction. A number of prepregnancy risk factors for pre-eclampsia have been identified. However, not all women with risk factors develop pre-eclampsia, while many women without do, making it a challenging condition to predict. As pre-eclampsia cannot be prevented, its management remains supportive, with close monitoring of clinical signs and symptoms, antihypertensive therapy, seizure prophylaxis, and ultimately delivery when necessary. This chapter outlines the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and sequelae of pre-eclampsia, and provides an overview of antenatal, intrapartum, and post-natal management of women with pre-eclampsia.

scholarly journals Comorbidities, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, imaging features, treatment strategies, and outcomes in adult and pediatric patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Ruth Jutzeler ◽  
Lucie Bourguignon ◽  
Caroline V. Weis ◽  
Bobo Tong ◽  
Cyrus Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Publication Bias ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Meta Analyses

Introduction Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered a world-wide pandemic with an enormous medical, societal, and economic toll. Thus, our aim was to gather all available information regarding comorbidities, clinical signs and symptoms, outcomes, laboratory findings, imaging features, and treatments in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods EMBASE, PubMed/ Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for studies published in any language between December 1st, 2019 and March 28th. Original studies were included if the exposure of interest was an infection with SARS-CoV-2 or confirmed COVID-19. The primary outcome was the risk ratio of comorbidities, clinical signs and symptoms, imaging features, treatments, outcomes, and complications associated with COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. We performed random-effects pairwise meta-analyses for proportions and relative risks, I2, Tau2, and Cochrane Q, sensitivity analyses, and assessed publication bias. Results: 148 met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis with 12149 patients (5739 female) and a median age was 47.0 [35.0-64.6]. 617 patients died from COVID-19 and its complication, while 297 patients were reported as asymptomatic. Older age (SMD: 1.25 [0.78- 1.72]; p < 0.001), being male (RR = 1.32 [1.13-1.54], p = 0.005) and pre-existing comorbidity (RR = 1.69 [1.48-1.94]; p < 0.001) were identified as risk factors of in-hospital mortality. The heterogeneity between studies varied substantially (I2; range: 1.5-98.2%). Publication bias was only found in eight studies (Eggers test: p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our meta-analyses revealed important risk factors that are associated with severity and mortality of COVID-19.

scholarly journals 659 Blocking cytokine IL-1 with anakinra for the prevention of cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A696-A696
Author(s):  
Erik Soule ◽  
Jason Williams ◽  
Matthias Piesche
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Cytokine Release ◽  
Cytokine Release Syndrome ◽  
Computed Tomography Images ◽  
Pulmonary Damage ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Oncology Practice

BackgroundThe novel coronavirus, known as SARS-CoV-2, or COVID-19 became a pandemic in early 2020, causing significant human suffering and economic woes globally. The pathophysiology of acute respiratory failure may be related to a robust immune reaction against the virally infected cells (figure 1). This mechanism is molecularly similar to that of cytokine release syndrome, which is mediated by cytokine IL-1 and can be seen as a complication of immunotherapy.MethodsClinical data from cancer patients treated for cytokine release syndrome were collected from an interventional oncology practice and retrospective analysis was performed.ResultsFive patients were treated for cytokine release syndrome related to administration of immunotherapy agents. Symptoms included hypotension, loss of consciousness, fever, headache, and respiratory failure. Three of these patients were treated with anakinra, with abrogation of symptoms of cytokine release syndrome (table 1). The remaining two patients received glucocorticoids, vasopressors, and respiratory support, suffering progressive symptoms of cytokine release syndrome, and death (table 2).Abstract 659 Figure 1Imaging findings of COVID-19 viral pneumoniaAxial, and coronal computed tomography images in a patient with laboratory proven COVID-19 infection demonstrating diffuse ground glass opacities in a peripheral and peribronchovascular distribution interspersed with areas of frank consolidation.Abstract 659 Table 1Anakinra cohortThree patients who experienced clinical signs and symptoms of cytokine release syndrome after administration of immunotherapy. These patients were treated with anakinra, and survived.Abstract 659 Table 2Glucocorticoids cohortTwo patients who experienced clinical signs and symptoms of cytokine release syndrome after administration of immunotherapy. These patients were treated with glucocorticoids, tacrolimus, and supportive measures, and subsequently died.ConclusionsThe IL-1 inhibitor, anakinra, has shown efficacy in ameliorating signs and symptoms of cytokine release syndrome caused by immunotherapy administration. Mechanistic similarities between cytokine release syndrome and COVID-19 related pulmonary damage suggest that this pharmacotherapeutic intervention could decrease mortality and need for mechanical ventilation in patients infected with COVID-19.ConsentWritten informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this abstract and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.

scholarly journals Pulmonary Thromboembolism in a Pregnant Patient with Severe COVID19: A Novel Case Report and Review of Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Zarrintan ◽  
Behdad Boeoofeh ◽  
Masome Rabieipour ◽  
Afshin Mohammadi ◽  
Kamal Khademvatani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Thromboembolism ◽  
Pulmonary Arteries ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Pregnant Patient ◽  
Right Ventricular Strain ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Present Case Study

Introduction: The novel coronavirus has been shown to infect many bodily organs. Recent studies have suggested that the virus may be capable of causing inappropriate thrombosis formation. In the present case study, we present a pregnant patient who had severe pneumonia caused by the virus; and subsequently developed pulmonary thromboembolism. Case Presentation: A 39-year-old primi-gravid pregnant woman presented to the emergency department with moderate to severe respiratory symptoms and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. The patient was hospitalized and received routine treatment. The patient had a rapid deterioration of clinical signs and symptoms, coupled with sensations of palpitations and chest discomfort. The patient had an echocardiogram, which was suggestive of right ventricular strain. D-dimer tested positive, and the patient had a CT angiography, showing filling defects in branches of the pulmonary arteries. Conclusions: Pulmonary thromboembolism may be a complicating factor in patients with severe viral pneumonia. In patients with underlying procoagulant conditions, such as pregnancy, the occurrence of Pulmonary Thromboembolism (PTE) should be strongly considered.

scholarly journals Plasmodium falciparum infection among neonates in the North Central Region of Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (05) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Amuche Okoli ◽  
Seline Nneaku Okolo ◽  
John Chibunkem Collins
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Malaria Parasitaemia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The North ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion

Introduction: This cross-sectional study investigated the rate of congenital and neonatal malaria infections in patients attending our hospital. Methodology: Thick and thin blood films of 288 neonates admitted in the Special Care Baby Unit of Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, were examined microscopically for malaria parasites. Babies’ and mothers’ demographic and clinical data were analyzed. Results: Of 288 blood samples examined, 160 (55.6%) were from males, 115 (39.9%) were from babies 0 to 7 days old, and 173 (60.1%) were from babies 8 to 28 days old. In total, 91 (31.6%) babies had malaria parasitaemia, of whom 49 (53.8%) were males. Malaria was significantly higher in babies 8 to 28 days old (p<0.001) and was independent of gender (p=0.692). Prevalence rates for congenital and neonatal malaria were 6.9% and 24.7% respectively. Clinical presentations on admission included fever, cough, pallor, jaundice, and inability to suck. A total of 145 (50.3%) babies had symptoms of malaria, of whom 56 (61.5%) had malaria parasitaemia. Symptoms of malaria were present in 35 (12.2%) babies of 59 (20.5%) mothers who had symptoms of malaria during pregnancy. Ten (11.0%) of these neonates had malaria parasitaemia, of whom 4 (0.4%) were 0 to -7days old. Plasmodium falciparum was the only specie identified. No mortality was recorded against malaria-infected babies. Conclusion: High prevalence of malaria in these neonates calls for high index of suspicion. Inclusion of malaria parasite test in the routine battery of tests for babies presenting with clinical signs and symptoms of neonatal infections is recommended.

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