scholarly journals Outdoor Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses, a Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommaso Celeste Bulfone ◽  
Mohsen Malekinejad ◽  
George W Rutherford ◽  
Nooshin Razani
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Outdoor Transmission ◽  
Influenza Transmission ◽  
Outdoor Experience ◽  
Very High

Abstract Background While risk of outdoor transmission of respiratory viral infections is hypothesized to be low, there is limited data of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in outdoor compared to indoor settings. Methods We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed papers indexed in PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science and pre-prints in Europe PMC through August 12 th, 2020 that described cases of human transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Reports of other respiratory virus transmission were included for reference. Results Five identified studies found that a low proportion of reported global SARS-CoV-2 infections have occurred outdoors (<10%) and the odds of indoor transmission was very high compared to outdoors (18.7 times; 95% CI 6.0, 57.9). Five studies described influenza transmission outdoors and two described adenovirus transmission outdoors. There was high heterogeneity in study quality and individual definitions of outdoor settings which limited our ability to draw conclusions about outdoor transmission risks. In general, factors such as duration and frequency of personal contact, lack of personal protective equipment and occasional indoor gathering during a largely outdoor experience were associated with outdoor reports of infection. Conclusion Existing evidence supports the wide-held belief that the the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is lower outdoors but there are significant gaps in our understanding of specific pathways.

scholarly journals Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 101751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingming Liang ◽  
Liang Gao ◽  
Ce Cheng ◽  
Qin Zhou ◽  
John Patrick Uy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Face Mask

scholarly journals BET 1: Do homemade or cloth face masks work as a preventive measure for respiratory virus transmission?

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 401.2-403
Author(s):  
Nicolas Delvaux ◽  
Bert Aertgeerts ◽  
Jan Yvan Jos Verbakel
Keyword(s):  
Search Strategy ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Clinical Illness ◽  
Detailed Search ◽  
Study Type

A short-cut review of the available medical literature was carried out to establish whether homemade or cloth face masks can prevent respiratory virus transmission or clinical illness. After abstract review, twelve papers were found to answer this clinical question using the detailed search strategy. The author, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses of these papers are tabulated. It is concluded that there is currently no direct evidence to support the use of homemade or cloth masks by the general public for protection against viral infections.

scholarly journals Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingming Liang ◽  
Liang Gao ◽  
Ce Cheng ◽  
Qin Zhou ◽  
John Patrick Uy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Protective Effects

AbstractBackgroundConflicting recommendations exist related to whether masks have a protective effect on the spread of respiratory viruses.MethodsThe Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement was consulted to report this systematic review. Relevant articles were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP (Chinese) database.ResultsA total of 21 studies met our inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses suggest that mask use provided a significant protective effect (OR=0.35 and 95% CI=0.24-0.51). Use of masks by healthcare workers (HCWs) and non-healthcare workers (Non-HCWs) can reduce the risk of respiratory virus infection by 80% (OR=0.20, 95% CI=0.11-0.37) and 47% (OR=0.53, 95% CI=0.36-0.79). The protective effect of wearing masks in Asia (OR=0.31) appeared to be higher than that of Western countries (OR=0.45). Masks had a protective effect against influenza viruses (OR=0.55), SARS (OR=0.26), and SARS-CoV-2 (OR=0.04). In the subgroups based on different study designs, protective effects of wearing mask were significant in cluster randomized trials and observational studies.ConclusionsThis study adds additional evidence of the enhanced protective value of masks, we stress that the use masks serve as an adjunctive method regarding the COVID-19 outbreak.

scholarly journals Effects of COVID-19 prevention procedures on other common infections: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Omid Dadras ◽  
Seyed Ahmad Seyed Alinaghi ◽  
Amirali Karimi ◽  
Mehrzad MohsseniPour ◽  
Alireza Barzegary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Since the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) began, necessary measures to prevent virus transmission and reduce mortality have been implemented, including mandatory public use of masks, regular hand-sanitizing and hand-washing, social distancing, avoidance of crowds, remote work, and cancellation of public events. During and after the introduction of COVID-19 lockout, we performed a systematic review of available published literature to investigate the incidence of seasonal influenza and other respiratory viral infections. Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and the World Health Organization databases and websites were systematically searched for original studies concerning the impact of COVID-19 prevention means and measures on other common respiratory infectious diseases during the pandemic published by March 2021. Results The findings showed that the adherence to health protocols to prevent COVID-19 could help to reduce the incidence of other infectious diseases such as influenza, pneumonia, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Conclusion The implemented prevention measures and protocols might have reduced the incidence of influenza and some other common respiratory infections. However, controversies exist on this matter and future large population-based studies might provide further information to address these controversies.

Copper Concentrations in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (37) ◽  
pp. 6373-6383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Jouybari ◽  
Faezeh Kiani ◽  
Farhad Islami ◽  
Akram Sanagoo ◽  
Fatemeh Sayehmiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Reference Lists ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Very High

: Breast cancer is the most common neoplasm, comprising 16% of all women's cancers worldwide. Research of Copper (Cu) concentrations in various body specimens have suggested an association between Cu levels and breast cancer risks. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarize the results of published studies and examine this association. We searched the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar and the reference lists of relevant publications. The Standardized Mean Differences (SMDs) between Cu levels in cancer cases and controls and corresponding Confidence Intervals (CIs), as well as I2 statistics, were calculated to examine heterogeneity. Following the specimens used in the original studies, the Cu concentrations were examined in three subgroups: serum or plasma, breast tissue, and scalp hair. We identified 1711 relevant studies published from 1984 to 2017. There was no statistically significant difference between breast cancer cases and controls for Cu levels assayed in any studied specimen; the SMD (95% CI) was -0.01 (-1.06 - 1.03; P = 0.98) for blood or serum, 0.51 (-0.70 - 1.73; P = 0.41) for breast tissue, and -0.88 (-3.42 - 1.65; P = 0.50) for hair samples. However, the heterogeneity between studies was very high (P < 0.001) in all subgroups. We did not find evidence for publication bias (P = 0.91). The results of this meta-analysis do not support an association between Cu levels and breast cancer. However, due to high heterogeneity in the results of original studies, this conclusion needs to be confirmed by well-designed prospective studies.

scholarly journals Efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of viral encephalitis: a systematic literature review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith N. Wagner ◽  
Annette Leibetseder ◽  
Anna Troescher ◽  
Juergen Panholzer ◽  
Tim J. von Oertzen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Viral Encephalitis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Ivig Therapy ◽  
Intravenous Immunoglobulins ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
Optimal Dosing ◽  
Cochrane Database

Abstract Background For most viral encephalitides, therapy is merely supportive. Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) have been used as a prophylactic and therapeutic approach. We conduct a systematic review on the safety and efficacy of IVIG in viral encephalitis. Methods We conducted a systematic review assessing PubMed, Cochrane Database, Biosis Previews and the ClinicalTrials.gov website to identify all reports on patients with viral encephalitis treated with IVIG as of May 31, 2019. The main outcomes assessed were therapeutic efficacy and safety. For an increased homogeneity of the population, atypical viral infections were excluded, as were reports on prophylactic IVIG use, intrathecal application of immunoglobulins, or use of antibody-enriched IVIG-preparations. Data were extracted from published studies. Descriptive statistics were used. Results We included a total of 44 studies (39 case reports). The case reports cover a total of 53 patients. Our search retrieved two prospective and three retrospective studies. These show heterogeneous results as to the efficacy of IVIG therapy. Only one study reports a significant association between IVIG-use and death (odds ratio 0.032; 95% confidence interval 0.0033–0.3024; p = 0.0027). None of the studies report significant differences in the number of serious adverse events. Conclusion Data on the efficacy of IVIG-therapy is heterogeneous. While it seems generally safe, evident superiority compared to supportive treatment has not been demonstrated so far. Future trials should also investigate the optimal dosing and timing of IVIG and their benefit in the immunosuppressed.

scholarly journals Methods of Respiratory Virus Detection: Advances towards Point-of-Care for Early Intervention

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 697
Author(s):  
Siming Lu ◽  
Sha Lin ◽  
Hongrui Zhang ◽  
Liguo Liang ◽  
Shien Shen
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Frequent Monitoring ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
New Strategies

Respiratory viral infections threaten human life and inflict an enormous healthcare burden worldwide. Frequent monitoring of viral antibodies and viral load can effectively help to control the spread of the virus and make timely interventions. However, current methods for detecting viral load require dedicated personnel and are time-consuming. Additionally, COVID-19 detection is generally relied on an automated PCR analyzer, which is highly instrument-dependent and expensive. As such, emerging technologies in the development of respiratory viral load assays for point-of-care (POC) testing are urgently needed for viral screening. Recent advances in loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), biosensors, nanotechnology-based paper strips and microfluidics offer new strategies to develop a rapid, low-cost, and user-friendly respiratory viral monitoring platform. In this review, we summarized the traditional methods in respiratory virus detection and present the state-of-art technologies in the monitoring of respiratory virus at POC.

scholarly journals Droplets and aerosols: An artificial dichotomy in respiratory virus transmission

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannis Drossinos ◽  
Thomas P. Weber ◽  
Nikolaos I. Stilianakis
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Virus Transmission

scholarly journals Anti-Influenza with Green Tea Catechins: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 4014
Author(s):  
Anchalee Rawangkan ◽  
Kirati Kengkla ◽  
Sukrit Kanchanasurakit ◽  
Acharaporn Duangjai ◽  
Surasak Saokaew
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tea Consumption ◽  
Tea Catechins ◽  
Green Tea Catechins

Influenza is one of the most serious respiratory viral infections worldwide. Although several studies have reported that green tea catechins (GTCs) might prevent influenza virus infection, this remains controversial. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of eight studies with 5,048 participants that examined the effect of GTC administration on influenza prevention. In a random-effects meta-analysis of five RCTs, 884 participants treated with GTCs showed statistically significant effects on the prevention of influenza infection compared to the control group (risk ratio (RR) 0.67, 95%CIs 0.51–0.89, P = 0.005) without evidence of heterogeneity (I2= 0%, P = 0.629). Similarly, in three cohort studies with 2,223 participants treated with GTCs, there were also statistically significant effects (RR 0.52, 95%CIs 0.35–0.77, P = 0.001) with very low evidence of heterogeneity (I2 = 3%, P = 0.358). Additionally, the overall effect in the subgroup analysis of gargling and orally ingested items (taking capsules and drinking) showed a pooled RR of 0.62 (95% CIs 0.49–0.77, P = 0.003) without heterogeneity (I2= 0%, P = 0.554). There were no obvious publication biases (Egger’s test (P = 0.138) and Begg’s test (P = 0.103)). Our analysis suggests that green tea consumption is effective in the prophylaxis of influenza infections. To confirm the findings before implementation, longitudinal clinical trials with specific doses of green tea consumption are warranted.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document