Welcoming the Unwelcome: Refugee Flows, Refugee Rights, and Political Violence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burcu Savun
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Perception Of Threat ◽  
Refugee Policies ◽  
Opposing Effects

Abstract This article examines refugee-related violence by exploring the effect of extensive refugee rights on the risk of civil conflict and violent attacks against refugees by local population. The provision of fundamental rights, such as the freedom of movement, can reduce refugee groups’ grievances, the risk of radicalization, and the ability of militant organizations to recruit refugees, thereby decreasing the risk of civil conflict. Regarding the behavior of local population toward refugees, two opposing effects of refugee rights may be at play. Extensive refugee policies may trigger civilian backlash by aggravating the perception of threat posed by refugees and increase the risk of civilian attacks against refugees. On the other hand, allowing refugees to integrate into society may provide economic benefits for locals and facilitate socialization between groups, reducing the motivation of citizens to target refugees. Using an original global dataset on refugee rights, I find that liberal refugee policies are associated with a reduction in the risk of civil conflict as well as anti-refugee violence in host states. This suggests that host governments and international organizations should give greater priority to guaranteeing refugee rights and promoting income-generating activities among uprooted populations to minimize potential security risks associated with refugees.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Tir ◽  
Johannes Karreth
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Conflict Management ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Intergovernmental Organizations ◽  
State Fragility ◽  
International Environment

After summarizing the theoretical arguments and findings of this book, we discuss key lessons learned from our study. The international environment has a significant influence on civil war development and prevention. Amplifying their conflict-preventing influence on member-states, highly structured intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) often coordinate their activities, especially in the area of political violence and state fragility. We then identify a number of tangible, economic incentives as the main pathways of this influence. Overall, this book suggests that the economic benefits of peace provide a potent temptation—for both governments and rebels—to settle low-level armed conflict before it can escalate to full-scale civil war. With these lessons learned, we also identify suggestions for both the research into and practice of conflict management. The chapter closes by pointing to opportunities for making use of our findings to further capitalize on the role of highly structured IGOs in civil war prevention.

Is There a Right to Free Movement across Borders?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Song
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Free Movement ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Freedom Of Association ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Right ◽  
Logical Extension

Chapter 6 examines three rights-based arguments for freedom of movement across borders. Three rights-based arguments have been offered in support of freedom of international movement. The first claims that freedom of movement is a fundamental human right in itself. The second adopts a “cantilever” strategy, arguing that freedom of international movement is a logical extension of existing fundamental rights, including the right of domestic free movement and the right to exit one’s country. The third argument is libertarian: international free movement is necessary to respect individual freedom of association and contract. This chapter shows why these arguments fail to justify a general right to free movement across the globe. What is morally required is not a general right of international free movement but an approach that privileges those whose basic human rights are at stake.

scholarly journals Killing me Softly? Scrutinising the Role of Soft Law in Greece’s Response to COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
Evangelia (Lilian) TSOURDI ◽  
Niovi VAVOULA
Keyword(s):  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Hard Law ◽  
Primary Basis ◽  
Full Swing ◽  
Second Wave

Greece emerged as the EU’s poster child in the fight against COVID-19 during the first few months of the pandemic. In this contribution, we assess Greece’s use of soft regulation in its regulatory response to COVID-19. Using “acts of legislative content”, which can be broadly conceptualised as softly adopted hard law, the Greek government largely achieved flexibility and simplified adoption procedures without having to resort to soft law per se. The role of soft law was limited - it complemented hard law rather than constituting the primary basis of COVID-19 restrictions - but not completely negligible. Soft law instruments regulated the processing of personal data, and was also pivotal in clarifying the criminal sanctioning of COVID-related rule violations. Greece’s success in handling the first wave of the pandemic, while effective, was arguably unfair to asylum seekers who saw their right to apply for asylum curtailed, and their right to freedom of movement restricted when limitations on the rest of the population were lifted. With a second wave of infections currently in full swing, it is imperative to keep scrutinising regulatory responses to ensure that they place the health and dignity of every individual (whoever they might be) at their core and fully respect their fundamental rights.

scholarly journals Africa: Risk, Security and Mapping of Human Rights Violations

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-127
Author(s):  
Nicoletta Varani ◽  
Enrico Bernardini
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Planetary interdependence makes the task of states and international organizations to guarantee security inside and outside national borders ever more urgent. The tendency is to widen the space from national to international and to conceive of security as multidimensional for the satisfaction of human needs, assumed as priority needs with respect to those of the States. The old concept of national security must today confront the new concept of human security cultivated within the United Nations, which places the fundamental rights of the individual and of people at the centre of attention and lays the foundations for overcoming the traditional politics of power. The concept of human security emphasises the security of the individual and his protection from political violence, war and arbitrariness. It takes account of the strong correlation between peace policy, human rights policy, migration policy and humanitarian policy. The contribution provides, through a series of social indicators such as the Global Peace Index (GPI), Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) and the World International Security and Policy Index (WISPI), a framework on risk, security, human rights violations in the African continent and examines some significant case studies related to sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals The Reach of Radio: Ending Civil Conflict through Rebel Demobilization

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 1395-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Armand ◽  
Paul Atwell ◽  
Joseph F. Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effect ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Income Shocks ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Fm Radio ◽  
Opposing Effects

We examine the role of FM radio in mitigating violent conflict. We collect original data on radio broadcasts encouraging defections during the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) insurgency. This constitutes the first quantitative evaluation of an active counterinsurgency policy that encourages defections through radio messages. Exploiting random topography-driven variation in radio coverage along with panel variation at the grid-cell level, we identify the causal effect of messaging on violence. Broadcasting defection messages increases defections and reduces fatalities, violence against civilians, and clashes with security forces. Income shocks have opposing effects on both the conflict and the effectiveness of messaging. (JEL D74, L82, O17)

scholarly journals A Design Approach to IoT Endpoint Security for Production Machinery Monitoring

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 2355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Tedeschi ◽  
Christos Emmanouilidis ◽  
Jörn Mehnen ◽  
Rajkumar Roy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Design Approach ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Floor Layer ◽  
New Space ◽  
Lightweight Authentication ◽  
Monitoring Application ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) has significant potential in upgrading legacy production machinery with monitoring capabilities to unlock new capabilities and bring economic benefits. However, the introduction of IoT at the shop floor layer exposes it to additional security risks with potentially significant adverse operational impact. This article addresses such fundamental new risks at their root by introducing a novel endpoint security-by-design approach. The approach is implemented on a widely applicable production-machinery-monitoring application by introducing real-time adaptation features for IoT device security through subsystem isolation and a dedicated lightweight authentication protocol. This paper establishes a novel viewpoint for the understanding of IoT endpoint security risks and relevant mitigation strategies and opens a new space of risk-averse designs that enable IoT benefits, while shielding operational integrity in industrial environments.

Militias in Civil Wars

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 755-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Jentzsch ◽  
Stathis N. Kalyvas ◽  
Livia Isabella Schubiger
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Integrated Study

Militias are an empirical phenomenon that has been overlooked by current research on civil war. Yet, it is a phenomenon that is crucial for understanding political violence, civil war, post-conflict politics, and authoritarianism. Militias or paramilitaries are armed groups that operate alongside regular security forces or work independently of the state to shield the local population from insurgents. We review existing uses of the term, explore the range of empirical manifestations of militias, and highlight recent findings, including those supplied by the articles in this special issue. We focus on areas where the recognition of the importance of militias challenges and complements current theories of civil war. We conclude by introducing a research agenda advocating the integrated study of militias and rebel groups.

scholarly journals The Question of Palestine and the Muslim World

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Al-Ahsan
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Jewish State ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Zionist Movement ◽  
State Of Israel

The question of Palestine (and the city of Jerusalem) is a core issue that remains at the centre of the Muslim mind in our time. This is because most Muslims feel that the Zionist Movement created the State of Israel in Palestine after World War II by depriving the local population of their fundamental right to exist in their ancestral homeland. The global Zionist Movement conspired, resorted to terrorist tactics and executed an ethnic cleansing campaign to create the State of Israel. The Zionists first secured the support of British politicians and then the American leaders in favour of their search for an exclusive Jewish state covering the entirety of the former British Mandate of Palestine. Although the Palestinians – like Muslims in various parts of the world – quickly developed a national consciousness in the inter-war period and tried to protect their fundamental rights, they were no match for the Zionists who had already secured the support of major powers of the globe (e.g. Britain and the US). Later, Israel managed to obtain UN membership in its third attempt with the commitment to allow all Palestinians to return to their ancestral home. But in practice, Israel has ignored all UN resolutions regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Israel has gradually developed a legal framework to deny the citizenship rights of the original population of Palestine and continues to build new Jewish settlements by demolishing Palestinian homes. While the Palestinians continue to suffer under Israeli repression, the OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation) and most Muslim governments have largely abandoned the Palestinian cause of liberation. This, in turn, frustrates much of the Muslim youth around the world – fuelling fundamentalism and extremism.  

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Continuance Intention of FinTech Payment among Millennials in Jakarta

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norma Diana ◽  
Farah Margaretha Leon
Keyword(s):  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Continuance Intention ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Operational Risks ◽  
Legal Risks

The background of this research is related to a phenomenon of millennials who prefer to change their financial behavior into cashless transactions from cash-based transactions. Factors of benefits (economic benefits, seamless transactions, and convenience) and risks (financial risks, legal risks, security risks, and operational risks) experienced by millennials are examined to observe their effects on the continuance intention of financial technology (FinTech) payment. FinTech users are classified into two types, namely early adopters and late adopters. This study examines the variables of continuance intention of FinTech payment, economic benefits, seamless transactions, convenience, financial risks, legal risks, security risks, operational risks, perceived benefits, and perceived risks simultaneously and is the first to be conducted on millennials in Jakarta. The methodology used was the Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square. The data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 313 respondents. The results of this research show that convenience is the most influential benefit factor towards the continuance intention of FinTech payment. Operational risks are the only factor that do not significantly affect the continuance intention of FinTech payment. The differences between the effects of benefits and risks are found in both of the user types. The implication of this research is to further understand influential factors in millennials’ decisions to use FinTech payment services.

scholarly journals Tragic Time in Ben Jonson's Sejanus and Catiline

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-153
Author(s):  
Leon Grek ◽  
Aaron Kachuck
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Roman History ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Historical Time ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Bellum Civile ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Roman Tragedies

This essay explores Ben Jonson's treatment of dramatic and historical time in his Roman tragedies, Sejanus His Fall (1603) and Catiline His Conspiracy (1611). Although the plays conspicuously fail to respect neoclassical strictures about the unity of time, both reproduce the temporal compression of Greek and Roman tragedy through their sustained intertextual engagements with a wide range of Roman source texts, including, above all, Lucan's Bellum Civile, and the works of the late antique court poet Claudian. The ultimate effect of these quotations, allusions, and reminiscences is to transform Jonson's dramas of early imperial corruption and late Republican civil conflict into proleptic visions of Roman history as a phantasmagoria of unceasing political violence, extending to the ends of both classical antiquity and classical literature.

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