Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Coyote and Magpie Tissues for Residues of Compound 1080 (Sodium Fluoroacetate)

1984 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-553
Author(s):  
Iwao Okuno ◽  
Guy E Connolly ◽  
Peter J Savarie ◽  
Charles P Breidenstein
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Electron Capture Detection ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Average Coefficient ◽  
Residue Levels

Abstract Tissues of coyotes and magpies administered known dosages of 1080 were analyzed for residues by an analytical method specifying gas chromatography and electron capture detection. The repeatability of the method was determined for the replicate analyses of coyote muscle tissue samples aged under different storage conditions. The average coefficient of variation (CV) was 6% for quadruplicate determinations of 1080 in fresh tissues, 12–14% for samples stored at – 10°C for 30–60 days, and 24 % for samples aged for 7 days at ambient temperatures. The larger CV value obtained for stored samples is attributed more to greater sample variability than to less precision of the analytical method. Residues of 1080 appear to be relatively stable in tissues; there was essentially no change in the concentration of 1080 in samples stored up to 28 days at ambient temperature. Residue levels in the muscle, heart, kidney, and intestine were comparable, slightly lower in the liver, and much higher in the stomach. The concentration of 1080 in the muscle tissue was related to the administered dosages. Correlation analyses of dosages and residue levels in coyote muscle tissue showed a correlation coefficient of 0.99 for 1080 administered by gavage, and 0.88 for 1080 administered by bait. A correlation coefficient of 0.99 was observed between dosages and mean residues in the breast muscle tissues of magpies. The average CV value was 3.5% for duplicate analyses of 1 g samples of magpie tissues.

Attachment and Proliferation of Bacteria on Meat

1989 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
KING-THOM CHUNG ◽  
JAMES S. DICKSON ◽  
JOHN D. GROUSE
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Initial Cell ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cell Concentrations ◽  
Number Of Cells

The attachment of bacteria (Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Salmonella arizonae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Listeria monocytogenes), to lean muscle tissue and fat tissue was investigated. The number of cells attached to the meat was directly proportional to the initial cell concentrations present. There was no significant difference in the number of cells attached between the lean muscle tissue and fat tissues among the organisms tested. All bacteria tested except P. aeruginosa proliferated better on the lean muscle tissues than on the fat tissue at ambient temperature for 72 h. No significant attachment competition to tissue samples was seen between L. monocytogenes and P. aeruginosa, however, the numbers of P. aeruginosa were greater than L. monocytogenes (after 24 h). Similarly, no competitive attachments between S. aureus and S. marcescens, S. faecalis and S. arizonae were observed; but the numbers of S. marcescens were greater than S. aureus, and S. arizonae were greater than S. faecalis, when the inoculated meat was incubated at room temperature for 24 h.

scholarly journals Insufficient Stability of Clavulanic Acid in Widely Used Child-Appropriate Formulations

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Ines Mack ◽  
Mike Sharland ◽  
Janneke M. Brussee ◽  
Sophia Rehm ◽  
Katharina Rentsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Essential Medicines List ◽  
Dispersible Tablets ◽  
The Stability

Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) belongs to the WHO Essential Medicines List for children, but for optimal antimicrobial effectiveness, reconstituted dry powder suspensions need to be stored in a refrigerated environment. Many patients in low- and middle-income countries who are sold AMC suspensions would be expected not to keep to the specified storage conditions. We aimed to assess the stability of both ingredients in liquid formulations and dispersible tablets, combined with nationally representative data on access to appropriate storage. Degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) and clavulanic-acid (CLA) was measured in suspensions and dispersible tablets commercially available in Switzerland at different ambient temperatures (8 °C vs. 28 °C over 7 days, and 23 °C vs. 28 °C over 24 h, respectively). Data on access to refrigeration and electricity were assessed from the USAID-funded Demographic and Health Survey program. In suspensions, CLA degraded to a maximum of 12.9% (95% CI −55.7%, +29.9%) at 8°C and 72.3% (95% CI −82.8%, −61.8%) at a 28 °C ambient temperature during an observation period of 7 days. Dispersible tablets were observed during 24 h and CLA degraded to 15.4% (95% CI −51.9%, +21.2%) at 23 °C and 21.7% (−28.2%, −15.1%) at a 28 °C ambient temperature. There is relevant degradation of CLA in suspensions during a 7-day course. To overcome the stability challenges for all active components, durable child-appropriate formulations are needed. Until then, prescribers of AMC suspensions or pharmacists who sell the drug need to create awareness for the importance of proper storage conditions regarding effectiveness of both antibiotics and this recommendation should be reflected in the WHO Essential Medicines List for children.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of RCAS1 level in neoplasms and placenta.

2003 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1187-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukasz Wicherek ◽  
Magdalena Dutsch ◽  
Pawel Mak ◽  
Marek Klimek ◽  
Jacek Skladzien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Tumor Escape ◽  
Cancer Antigen ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Tumor Associated Antigen ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Immunological Surveillance ◽  
Maternal Immune Response

The tumor associated antigen RCAS1 (receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells) expressed with high frequency in various cancer and trophoblast cells, inhibits growth of estrogen receptor-expressing cells and induces apoptosis. Because previous reports demonstrated RCAS1 presence only by non-quantitative immunocytochemistry methods, we decided to use a Western blotting with anti-RCAS1 monoclonal antibodies for estimation of the relative content of the tumor-associated antigen. One hundred tissue samples were assayed (neoplasms, chronic inflammatory diseases, healthy tissues, trophoblasts and placentas at term). RCAS1 was present in all neoplastic, placental and trophoblast tissue samples and its level in malignant samples was statistically significantly higher than in benign neoplasms. The amount of RCAS1 in chronic inflammations was also significantly increased in immune mediated diseases, like allergic nasal polyps and sarcoidosis. The RCAS1 protein was not revealed in healthy mucous membrane and in muscle tissues. The presented results suggest that RCAS1 might play an important role in tumor escape from host immunological surveillance and carry weight in the down regulation of the maternal immune response, thereby maintaining pregnancy.

scholarly journals Multiresidue Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Milk by Gas Chromatography with Electron-Capture Detection after Extraction by Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion

2001 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 1561-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Yagüe ◽  
Susana Bayarri ◽  
Regina Lázaro ◽  
Pilar Conchello ◽  
Agustín Ariño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Electron Capture ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Electron Capture Detection ◽  
Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion ◽  
Phase Dispersion ◽  
Repeatability And Reproducibility

Abstract A multiresidue analytical method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion was developed to analyze liquid milk for 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 6 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Initial extraction is performed by loading 3 mL milk onto a 2.0 g octadecyl (C18)-bonded silica cartridge with n-hexane as the eluant. Neutral alumina column chromatography with sodium sulfate as the drying agent is used for further cleanup. The eluate is concentrated to 0.5 mL, and target analytes are determined by capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. The optimized method was validated by determining accuracy (recovery percentages), precision (repeatability and reproducibility), and sensitivity (detection and quantitation limits) from analyses of milk samples fortified at 10 and 1 μg/L levels. Average recoveries were between 74 and 106% for all residues except β-HCH, β-endosulfan, and endosulfan sulfate. Both repeatability and reproducibility relative standard deviation values were < 22% for all residues. Detection limits ranged from 0.02 to 0.12 μg/L and quantitation limits were between 0.02 and 0.62 μg/L. The proposed analytical method may be used as a fast and simple procedure in routine determinations of OCPs and PCBs in milk.

scholarly journals Quantitation of neonicotinoid insecticides, plus qualitative screening for other xenobiotics, in small-mass avian tissue samples using UHPLC high-resolution mass spectrometry

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Filigenzi ◽  
Emily E. Graves ◽  
Lisa A. Tell ◽  
Karen A. Jelks ◽  
Robert H. Poppenga
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
High Resolution Mass ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Resolution Mass

We developed and validated a liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analytical method for quantitatively measuring pesticide concentrations in small-body avian tissue samples using homogenized 1–2-d-old chicken carcasses as the test matrix. We quantified the following key insecticides: sulfoxaflor (sulfoximine class) and the neonicotinoids dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, clothianidin, and imidacloprid. We used fortified chick carcass samples to validate method accuracy (80–125% recoveries), precision (<20% relative standard deviation), and sensitivity (≤1.2 ppb) for these targeted analytes. This method also uses full-scan, high-resolution MS to screen for the presence of a wide variety of other xenobiotics in bird carcasses. The utility of our screening process was demonstrated by the detection of carbaryl in some samples. This sensitive LC-HRMS analytical method for insecticide detection in a matrix of homogenized carcass is ideal for evaluating small birds for insecticide exposure. This novel whole-carcass method may allow for research studies of small-bodied, free-ranging avian species, and could provide insight regarding their exposure to multiple classes of environmental contaminants.

scholarly journals Degradation of Parathion Methyl on Field-Sprayed Apples and Stored Apples

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos J Pappas ◽  
Nikolaos B Kyriakidis ◽  
Panagiotis E Athanasopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Kinetic Equations ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Limit Of Determination ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Method ◽  
Best Fit

Abstract Residue levels of parathion methyl on field-sprayed Granny-Smith apples were studied. The pesticide was applied according to producer recommendations. Apples received a single spraying at a rate of 40 g active ingredient/100 L. Residues were determined with a simple gas chromatographic method. Recovery of parathion methyl was88-108%, and the limit of determination was 0.002 mg/kg. Decomposition of parathion methyl was studied in apples remaining on trees after spraying and in apples harvested and stored under ambient-temperature, refrigerated- room, and controlled-atmosphere conditions. During post harvest storage, parathion methyl degrades more slowly than on apples remaining on the trees. Best-fit curves were determined, and kinetic equations, rate constants, and half-lives were calculated. Half-lives found were 8 days for apples on trees, 45 days for apples stored at ambient conditions, 68 days for apples stored in control led-atmosphere room, and 62 days for apples stored in a refrigerated room. Under storage conditions, levels of parathion methyl residues need a longtime to become lower than the legal limit (0.2 mg/kg).

scholarly journals Development of a Method to Determine Albendazole and Its Metabolites in the Muscle Tissue of Yellow Perch Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 446-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donglei Yu ◽  
Nathan Rummel ◽  
Badar Shaikh
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Mobile Phase ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Phase Combination

Abstract An HPLC method was developed for the determination of albendazole (ABZ) and its metabolites, a sulfoxide (ABZSO), a sulfone (ABZSO2), and albendazole-2-aminosulfone (ABZ-2-NH2SO2), from yellow perch muscle tissue with adhering skin. The muscle tissue samples were made alkaline with potassium carbonate and extracted with ethyl acetate, followed by a series of liquidliquid extraction steps. After solvent evaporation, the residue was reconstituted in the initial mobile phase combination of the gradient. The mobile phase consisted of a buffer, 50 mM ammonium acetate (pH 4.0) in 10 methanolwater, and 100 acetonitrile. The gradient was from 20 acetonitrile to 85 acetonitrile. The analytes were chromatographed on an RP Luna C18(2) column and detected by fluorescence with excitation and emission wavelengths of 290 and 330 nm, respectively. The average recoveries from fortified muscle tissue for ABZ (20100 ppb), ABZ-SO (20200 ppb), ABZSO2 (8100 ppb), and ABZ-2-NH2SO2 (20100 ppb) were 85, 95, 101, and 86, respectively, with corresponding CV values of 9, 3, 6, and 4, respectively. Their LOQ values were 10, 10, 1, and 10 ppb, respectively. The procedure was applied to determine ABZ and its major metabolites in the incurred muscle tissue of yellow perch obtained after orally dosing the fish with ABZ.

Multiorgan Metabolomics and Lipidomics Provide New Insights Into Fat Infiltration in the Liver, Muscle Wasting, and Liver–Muscle Crosstalk Following Burn Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safak Mert ◽  
Beyza Bulutoglu ◽  
Christopher Chu ◽  
Maggie Dylewski ◽  
Florence M Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Muscle Wasting ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Burn Victims ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Excessive Accumulation

Abstract Burn injury mediated hypermetabolic syndrome leads to increased mortality among severe burn victims, due to liver failure and muscle wasting. Metabolic changes may persist up to 2 years following the injury. Thus, understanding the underlying mechanisms of the pathology is crucially important to develop appropriate therapeutic approaches. We present detailed metabolomic and lipidomic analyses of the liver and muscle tissues in a rat model with a 30% body surface area burn injury located at the dorsal skin. Three hundred and thirty-eight of 1587 detected metabolites and lipids in the liver and 119 of 1504 in the muscle tissue exhibited statistically significant alterations. We observed excessive accumulation of triacylglycerols, decreased levels of S-adenosylmethionine, increased levels of glutamine and xenobiotics in the liver tissue. Additionally, the levels of gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites are generally decreased in the liver. On the other hand, burn injury muscle tissue exhibits increased levels of acyl-carnitines, alpha-hydroxyisovalerate, ophthalmate, alpha-hydroxybutyrate, and decreased levels of reduced glutathione. The results of this preliminary study provide compelling observations that liver and muscle tissues undergo distinctly different changes during hypermetabolism, possibly reflecting liver–muscle crosstalk. The liver and muscle tissues might be exacerbating each other’s metabolic pathologies, via excessive utilization of certain metabolites produced by each other.

scholarly journals Pesticide Residue Analysis of Vegetables by Gas Chromatography with Electron-Capture Detection

2007 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Fenoll ◽  
Pilar Hellín ◽  
Carmen M Martínez ◽  
Pilar Flores
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Electron Capture ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Electron Capture Detection ◽  
Pesticide Residue Analysis ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Green Pepper ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Residue Levels

Abstract A new and original analytical method was developed for the routine analysis of 28 multiclass pesticide residues in vegetables (green pepper, red pepper, and tomato). The extraction was performed with acetone, and the pesticides were partitioned into ethyl acetatecyclohexane (1 + 1, v/v). Residue levels in vegetables were determined by gas chromatography (GC) with electron-capture detection. Residue identities were confirmed by GC coupled with mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode. The average recoveries in pepper and tomato obtained for all analytes studied were 67.3 and 123.1%, respectively, with relative standard deviation between 1.8 and 7.0%. The detection limit for the pesticides studied varied from 0.1 to 2.6 μg/kg. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of these compounds in vegetables grown in experimental greenhouses.

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