Epifluorescence Microscopy and Reflectance Colorimetry for Counting Bacteria and Somatic Cells in Raw Milk

1988 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 448-449
Author(s):  
Grappin Remy ◽  
Gary H Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Epifluorescence Microscopy

scholarly journals Effect of somatic cell count on dairy products: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukta Talukder ◽  
HM Manir Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Endogenous Enzymes ◽  
Fluid Milk

Somatic cells are the most essential factors naturally present in milk, and somatic cell count (SCC) is used as an indicator of monitoring mastitis incidence in the herd and also to assess the quality of milk. In addition, SCC is frequently used to determine quality payments to dairy producers. The SCC is directly related to get maximum milk production from individual cow and a lower SCC indicates better animal health, as somatic cells originate only from inside the animal's udder. SCC monitoring is important because as the number of somatic cells increases, milk yield is likely to fall, primarily due to the damage to milk-producing tissue in the udder caused by mastitis pathogens and the toxins they produce, particularly when epithelial cells are lost. Keeping low SSC will allow good quality more raw milk and provide a better product to milk processors whether used as fluid milk or converted to milk based products. Somatic cells containing lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes lead to degrade major nutrients fats and proteins, respectively. Elevated SCC is related to udder inflammation, which leads to alter the normal microbial count and physicochemical parameters of milk, as well as the quality of heat treated fluid milk and milk based product. The objective of this review is to discuss on the SSC and endogenous enzymes released from somatic cells in raw milk as well as effect of somatic cells count and their endogenous enzymes in processed milk and milk based products.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2017, 3(1): 1-9

Distribution of plasminogen activator in different fractions of bovine milk

1995 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey H. White ◽  
Boris Zavizion ◽  
Kristen O'Hare ◽  
James Gilmore ◽  
Ming R. Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Predominant Form ◽  
Cell Pellet ◽  
Molecular Masses ◽  
Milk Casein

SUMMARYThe type and relative amounts of plasminogen activator (PA) in different fractions of bovine milk obtained from 15 Holstein cows were examined. Raw milk was centrifuged to separate skim milk and a somatic cell pellet. PA was mainly localized within the casein fraction, being 42 times that in the serum, and in association with somatic cells. The predominant form of PA in milk casein was isolated from SDS-PAGE gel extracts and had a molecular mass of ∽75 kDa. Its activity was increased 41-fold (P < 0·01) in the presence of fibrin but was unaffected by the presence of amiloride, indicating that it was due to tissue-PA. The predominant forms of PA associated with milk somatic cells were isolated from SDS-PAGE gel extracts and had molecular masses of ∽ 30 and ∽ 50 kDa. The activity of both proteins was unaffected by the presence of fibrin but was dramatically reduced by the presence of amiloride, indicating that they represented urokinase-PA.

scholarly journals Monitoring of raw milk safety by chemical and microbiological indicators in the Republic of Tatarstan for the first half of the year 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Albina A. Samatova ◽  
◽  
Elvira F. Faskhutdinova ◽  
Lidia S. Koroleva ◽  
Alsu R. Мakaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Microbiological Indicators

Milk is one of the main food products for the population, as it contains the necessary proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. However, milk and dairy products can be sources of pathogens of many infectious diseases. In addition, they may contain harmful substances of chemical origin (heavy metal salts, pesticides, etc.). Also, the number of somatic cells is one of the main indicators of milk safety and determines its suitability for processing. In this regard, the implementation of the examination of dairy products becomes particularly relevant. The article presents the results of studies of raw milk of agricultural enterprises and farms of private entrepreneurs of various regions of the Republic of Tatarstan on the indicators of chemical and microbiological safety, performed in the first half of 2020. Raw milk was examined for such organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators as fat content, protein, mass fraction of skimmed milk powder, acidity, purity group, density and microbiological indicators in accordance with regulatory documentation. According to the results of research, it was found that all milk samples had good consumer properties. Heavy metal salts, pesticides, mycotoxins, antibiotics, radionuclides, and genetically modified organisms were not found in the studied samples of raw milk. According to microbiological indicators, the samples studied met the requirements of the technical regulations of the Customs Union. Nevertheless, in 20 samples of raw milk, the number of somatic cells exceeds the standard indicators. It follows that the results of the study indicate the need for monitoring the safety of raw milk.

scholarly journals PROCESSING OF COW UDDERS WITH MODERN MEANS

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Геннадий Ларионов ◽  
Gennadiy Larionov ◽  
Николай Кириллов ◽  
Nikolay Kirillov
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
The Public ◽  
Anaerobic Microorganisms ◽  
Facultative Anaerobic ◽  
Processed Products

The public of our country makes ever-increasing demands on milk in terms of safety and nutritional values. In accordance with the requirements of the Interstate Standard GOST 31449-2013 “Raw milk of cow. Specifications” the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms should not exceed 1.0×105 CFU/cm3, the number of somatic cells - 4.0×105 in 1 cm3 in milk. The dairy industry places high demands on milk quality, namely, on bacterial contamination. Dairy products of high quality can only be obtained from good raw materials. High bacterial contamination worsens the quality of raw milk and its processed products and creates a certain risk factor for human health. In the Chuvash Republic, studies were carried out on the use of modern domestic iodine-containing preparations and lactic acid-based preparations for the treatment of the udder of cows. At the same time, the sanitary-hygienic condition of the udder’s nipples was improved, the microbiological seeding and the number of somatic cells decreased, and the grade of milk of cows was increased. When treatment the udder of cows before milking by Violet and after milking by Lactovit, the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms in milk decreased by 22.9 times, the number of somatic cells - by 2.0 times. When using Monklavit-1, the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms decreased by 25.0 and the number of somatic cells decreased 2.5 times. It was found that the efficiency of Monclavit-1 using is higher 1.1 times according to the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms and 1.5 times according to the number of somatic cells, than treatment of the udder of cows by Violet and Lactovite. The use of modern udder treatment means allowed to improve milk quality from the second to the highest grade.

scholarly journals Microbiological quality and somatic cells of in natura milk produced in Alagoas State, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e412997379
Author(s):  
Bruno Fernando Oliveira Araújo ◽  
Sybelle Geórgia Mesquita da Silva ◽  
João Manoel da Silva ◽  
Cícero Cerqueira Cavalcanti Neto ◽  
Paula Cibelly Vilela da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Psychrotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Significant Difference

Raw milk is a food with great consumption and economic value in Brazil. However, is susceptible of contamination by pathogenic bacteria. The aimed of this study was to evaluate the quality of in natura milk based on microbiological in three dairy farms, somatic cells counting (SCC), bacterial counting and his physical-chemical composition. Were made the following microbiological analysis: counting of mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria, coliforms at 30 ºC, coliforms at 45 ºC, Staphylococcus spp., Listeria spp., and SCC. The physical-chemical analysis was fat, protein, lactose, total solids, urea, and casein. There was no evidence of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli were identified in any samples.  In accordance to the microbiological standards established by Normative Instruction 76 only coliforms 30 ºC and 45 ºC counts were above the standards. There was a significant difference (p≤0.05) between the three farms studied regarding most microbiological aspects. Also, was observed difference (p≤0.05) for most of physical-chemical aspects. Overall, the milk produced in the regions of Alagoas State fails to meet just a constant criterion in the current legislation.

scholarly journals ЕТІОЛОГІЧНІ ЧИННИКИ МАСТИТІВ КОРІВ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ЧОРНО–РЯБОЇ МОЛОЧНОЇ ПОРОДИ

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3(70)) ◽  
pp. 191-196
Author(s):  
V. Panevnyk ◽  
T. Suprovych
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Index Number ◽  
Clinical Form ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Skin Contamination ◽  
Major Pathogens ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

The article shows data on the microbial landscape and quantity of somatic cells milk in different forms of mastitis in cows. Index number of somatic cells (SCC) in the raw milk of cows in the country is only used to establish the quality milk. They are key safety indicators that are directly related to udder cow disease, especially subclinical mastitis. Research has established that the number of SCC in healthy animals ranges from 84000 cells/ml to 436000 cells/ml. Over the course of subclinical turned from 508000 cells/ml to 756000 cells/ml. Animals with clinical form of mastitis were from 876000 cells/ml to 69260000 cells/ml. The 42 cows of the first lactation average SCC was 143000 cells/ml, and 47 of fifth lactation cows – 213000 cells/ml.The microflora in the breast can get in different ways: galactogenous – through teat channel hematogenous ahd lymphogenous ways. The leading role galactogenous way in which the pathogens penetrate from the environment through teat channel. This contributes to the udder skin contamination by microorganisms. Activators of subclinical mastitis were Staphylococcus aureus 31.8% and Streptococcus agalactiae 40.9%. In the clinical course of mastitis major pathogens were Escherichia coli – 34.8% and Staphylococcus aureus – 41.3%. Selected cultures of microorganisms were sensitive to cephalexin, gentamicin, oxacillin, rifampicin, enrofloksacin. 

The role of various milk fractions and the importance of somatic cells in the formation of germinant(s) for Bacillus cereus when milk is pasteurized

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Blood Serum Proteins ◽  
Fluff Layer

SummaryConfirmation was obtained for the occurrence of an interaction between high and low molecular weight fractions of milk during its pasteurization, resulting in the formation of germinant(s) for Bacillus cereus. Various milk fractions were added to supernatants or dialysates of raw skim-milk, pasteurized and assayed for germinant. Micellar casein obtained by high speed centrifugation of raw milk stimulated germinant formation, but whole casein obtained by acid precipitation was less stimulatory and individual casein fractions showed no stimulation. A membrane rich ‘fluff’ layer obtained by high speed centrifugation of raw milk was highly stimulatory and suggested the possibility that the somatic cell count of milk may be related to germinant production.Using milk from endotoxin infused and infected quarters of individual cows, a correlation between cell count and germinant formation was clearly demonstrated. Adjustment of the cell counts of individual milk samples was generally accompanied by corresponding changes in germinant formation, though removal of cells by filtration did not have this effect, possibly since germinant precursor had leached from the cells and remained in the milk. Pasteurization was necessary, not simply to express germinant from cells but to effect an interaction of germinant precursors. It is not clear whether the cell associated germinant precursor is derived from the cells themselves or from a related component. Addition of blood serum proteins was without stimulatory effect.Since low cell count milks sometimes supported appreciable germination after pasteurization, but showed still higher levels when the cell count was raised, germinant may be formed via 2 pasteurization dependent processes, one between milk constituents alone and the other involving both milk constituents and somatic cells.

Improved bioluminescent assay of somatic cell counts in raw milk

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery G Frundzhyan ◽  
Inna M Parkhomenko ◽  
Lubov Y Brovko ◽  
Natalia N Ugarova
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Bioluminescent Assay ◽  
Direct Microscopy ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Simple Protocol

Somatic cell count (SCC) in milk is considered to be a valuable indicator of cow mastitis. For assessment of SCC in milk, the bioluminescent assay based on determination of ATP from somatic cells ([ATPsom]) in milk was proposed earlier. However, this assay is still not widely used in practice owing to lower reliability compared with conventional methods such as direct microscopy and flow cytometry. We revised the bioluminescent SCC assay and developed a simple protocol based on determination of the total non-bacterial ATP concentration in milk. It was shown that the novel ATP-releasing agent Neonol-10 (oxy-ethylated iso-nonyl phenol) has superior performance providing 100% lysis of somatic cells while not disrupting bacterial cells of milk at a concentration of 1·5% w/w. There was high correlation (R2=0·99) between measured bioluminescence and SCC as measured by direct microscopy. The observed detection limit of the bioluminescent milk SCC assay was as low as 900 cell/ml, time of analysis was 2–3 min per sample. The proposed method has high potential for on-site mastitis diagnostics.

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