Criteria for Determining Purity of Fusarium Mycotoxins

1990 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn A Bennett ◽  
Odette L Shotwell
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Nmr Spectrometry ◽  
Commercial Sources ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Abstract Physical and chemical properties that may be used to determine the purity of several Fusarlum mycotoxins have been investigated. A combination of analytical procedures, which include high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), ultraviolet spectrometry (UV), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry have been used to examine mycotoxin standards obtained from commercial sources and from laboratory fermentations. Results of this investigation indicate that commercially available standards are greater than 90 % pure, but the label weight of purchased reference standards in individual containers should be verified. Mycotoxin standards, determined to be greater than 98 % pure by HPTLC, LC, and GC/MS, were examined by UV spectrometry and the coefficients of extinction were determined. An interlaboratory study, involving 5 collaborators who determined coefficients of extinction (in methanol) for identical samples, gave the following results: α-zearalenol (λ236 = 28 538 ± 558); β- zearalenol (λ238 = 24 963 ± 747); deoxynivalenol (λ219 = 6395 ± 349, lot 1), (6020 ± 228, lot 2); and T-2 toxin (λ202 = 3681 ± 255). UV maxima and coefficients of extinction are also reported for HT-2 toxin (λ202 = 1959), diacetoxyscirpenol (λ203 = 2487), neosolaniol (λ203 = 2644), nivalenol (λ220 = 5142), and fusarenon-X (λ217 = 5997).

A Comparison of Reduced-NAD Preparations from Four Commercial Sources

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 754-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
R B McComb ◽  
Royal J Gay
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Light Absorption ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Ldh Isoenzymes ◽  
Activity Measurements ◽  
Commercial Sources ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Abstract The physical and chemical properties of several commercial sources of reduced NAD were examined. Properties compared included physical appearance, sodium and phosphorus content, ultraviolet light absorption at 260 and 340 nm, and relative rates of oxidation with two human LDH isoenzymes. Major differences between individual preparations were noted with respect to physical and chemical properties, as well as in the activity measurements. The commercial reduced-NAD preparations most rapidly oxidized by LDH were white, free-flowing substances with 260 nm:340 nm absorbance (A260:A340) ratios below 2.45. Detectable amounts of an LDH inhibitor were found in all preparations examined. A strong LDH inhibitor, which had the same properties as the inhibitor present in commercial reduced NAD, was isolated by column chromatography. This LDH inhibitor was found to produce the same degree of inhibition toward four LDH isoenzymes.

Effect of Doping of Fe into TiO2 Layer in Fe2O3/TiO2/FTO System for High Performance of Water Splitting

2014 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 82-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aryan Azad ◽  
Eul Noh ◽  
Kang Seop Yun ◽  
Hee June Jeong ◽  
Sang Chul Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxides ◽  
Water Splitting ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Energy Problem ◽  
Dipping Process ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Hydrogen has unique physical and chemical properties which present benefits and challenges to its successful widespread adoption as a fuel. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting process with semiconductor metal oxides can be a promising solution to the global energy problem. Although amongst metal oxides Fe2O3 by 2.2 eV bang gap energy is more applicable, for reducing the recombination of electron and hole, Fe was doped into TiO2. In this study Fe2O3/Fe doped TiO2 photocatalysts were compared with Fe-doped TiO2 and TiO2 structures by using layer by layer-self-assemble (LBL-SA) method and dipping process on FTO glass. According to our results the Fe2O3 coated on Fe doped TiO2 /FTO has had best results.

scholarly journals Effect of histamine on lipid composition of rat bile

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-95
Author(s):  
S. Athamnah ◽  
V. Baranovsky ◽  
E. Reshetnik ◽  
S. Veselsky ◽  
P. Yanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Sodium Thiopental ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Rat Bile ◽  
And Chemical Properties

To investigate the effect of histamine (8 mkg/kg, i/v) on the concentration of lipids in the rats bile. Using the method of thin layer chromatography concentrations of phospholipids, cholesterol and its esters, free fatty acids, triglycerides were determined in the rats bile collected in acute experiments (anesthesia, sodium thiopental, 50 mg/kg). The results were calculated using Statistica 7.0; p<0,05. Histamine increased concentration of phospholipids, cholesterol, its esters and reduced content of free fatty acids and triglycerides in the rats bile. Probably, histamine, acting on transport lipid components in bile effect on its physical and chemical properties and the maintenance of cholesterol in mixed bile micelles. Histamine affects the metabolic conversion and transport of lipids in the liver cells, causing the increase in the concentration of phospholipids, cholesterol and its esters in bile and decrease it in the content of free fatty acids and triglycerides.

High performance graphene embedded rubber composites

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (99) ◽  
pp. 81707-81712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Ho Song ◽  
Jung Mo Kim ◽  
Kwang Hyun Park ◽  
Dong Ju Lee ◽  
O.-Seok Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Synergy Effects ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Nano-fillers have provided a big advantage for enhancing the performance of rubber composites through leading the synergy effects in the physical and chemical properties.

scholarly journals Physical and Chemical Properties of Biodiesel Obtained from Amazon Sailfin Catfish (Pterygoplichthys pardalis) Biomass Oil

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Anguebes-Franseschi ◽  
A. Bassam ◽  
M. Abatal ◽  
O. May Tzuc ◽  
C. Aguilar-Ucán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Amazon sailfin catfish (Pterygoplichthys pardalis) is considered one of the greatest threats to the biodiversity of continental aquatic systems, causing serious economic and environmental problems in the regions. In this work, the production of biodiesel from Amazon sailfin catfish biomass oil is studied. The physical and chemical properties of biofuel produced were evaluated under the specifications of the European standard EN-14214 by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and atomic absorption spectrometry analyses. The results show that the biodiesel complies with all the specifications of the standard, except the content of polyunsaturated methyl esters. The yields obtained from oil and biodiesel were 9.67 and 90.71% (m/m), respectively. The methyl ester concentrations study identified 17 components where 47.003% m/m corresponded to methyl esters with saturated chains, whereas 34.394% m/m was attributed to monosaturated methyl esters and the remaining (18.624% m/m) to polysaturated methyl esters. Finally, mineral analysis by atomic absorption showed the absence of heavy metals Cd, Ni, and Pb, as well as low concentrations of Ni, Fe, Cu, and Zn, demonstrating that the quality of the fuel is not compromised. The study indicates the feasibility of manufacturing biodiesel using Amazon sailfin catfish biomass oil as a low-cost raw material. It represents an environmental option to mitigate a global problem of atmospheric pollution, and at the same time, it shows a commercial alternative to reduce the ecological impact caused by this fish in the diverse ecosystems to which it has spread. In addition, the great adaptability of this fish provides the possibility of a profitable process to have very high rates of reproduction and growth, allowing the generation of large amounts of biomass for the production of biodiesel.

Separation and Identification of Phencyclidine and Some of Its Analogs

1983 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 1186-1195
Author(s):  
K Gurudath Rao ◽  
Shiv K Soni
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mass Spectra ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Abstract l-(l-Phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine (PCP) and 9 of its analogs have been separated and identified by using thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and infrared spectroscopy (IR). Spectral and chromatographic characteristics are discussed in terms of the structural variations observed in these compounds. Some compounds decomposed on the GC column; the HPLC procedure is a helpful substitute. A tentative scheme is proposed for the fragmentation of the major ions observed in the mass spectra. The effect of substitution on the IR spectra of the analogs was investigated.

Metal Organic Framework Derived Porous Carbon Materials Excels as an Excellent Platform for High-performance Packaged Supercapacitors

Nanoscale ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianyu Chu ◽  
Fanling Meng ◽  
Ting Deng ◽  
Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Porous Carbon ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Metal Organic Framework ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Porous Carbon Material ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Key Steps ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties ◽  
Organic Framework

Designing and synthesizing new materials with special physical and chemical properties are the key steps to assembling high performance supercapacitors. Metal organic framework (MOF) derived porous carbon material has drawn...

scholarly journals Synthesis and transformation in the series of 2-((5-(2,4- and 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetic acids

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
D. V. Dovbnia ◽  
A. H. Kaplaushenko ◽  
Yu. S. Frolova
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
And Chemical Properties ◽  
Acetic Acids

The aim of the work is to develop preparative methods for the synthesis of 2-((5-(2,4- and 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetic acids, to study the esterification reaction in this regard, to study physical and chemical properties of the obtained substances, and to predict their toxicity. Materials and methods. Compounds were synthesized using reagents and solvents qualified as “ch.p.”. The IUPAC nomenclature as supplemented was used during the preparation. The melting temperature was determined with the capillary method according to HFC (2.2.14) on the device PTP (M). Elemental analysis was determined with the ELEMENTAR vario EL cube analyzer (manufactured in Germany) (standard – sulfonamide). IR spectra were recorded using spectrophotometer Specord M-80 (manufactured in Germany) within the range of 4000–500 cm-1 (scanning was performed under the following conditions: slot program 3.0, time constant – τ = 3 s, scanning time 34 min, samples were analyzed in the form of tablets with potassium bromide). 1H NMR spectra were recorded using Varian VXR-300 spectrophotometer (manufactured in the USA), dimethyl sulfoxide-D6 solvent, and tetramethylsilane was used as an internal standard. The spectra were decoded using the computer program ADVASP 1.43. Thin layer chromatography was performed using Sorbfil plates (analytical, size 10 × 15 cm, base: polymer substrate, sorbent: silica gel STX-1A, grain: 5–17 μm, layer thickness: 110 m combination – silicazole). Results. The synthesis of new 2-((5-(2,4- and 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetic acids was carried out. These products became a basis for synthesis of a number of relevant esters. Physical and chemical properties were investigated for the synthesized compounds. The structure of the obtained substances was confirmed by elemental analysis, IR-spectroscopy, 1H NMR-spectrometry, and their individuality were established by thin-layer chromatography. Computer GUSAR-online prediction of acute toxicity of 2-((5-(2,4- and 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetic acids and their esters was performed. Conclusions. Preparative methods for the synthesis of 2-((5-(2,4- and 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetic acids have been developed, for which esterification reactions have been studied. Thus, physical and chemical properties of the received substances were investigated, and indicators of their toxicity were predicted.

scholarly journals Research of the physical and chemical properties and methods of Red rice (food colour) determination in sausage products

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
N. V. Rudometova ◽  
I. S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Carminic Acid ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Food Colour ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In Russia, in the production of meat and sausage products, the food colour, named as Red rice, is use. Red rice is obtain by the cultivation the strains of the Monascus fungus on various carbohydrate substrates, for example rice. That Red rice may contain the mycotoxin citrinin, but neither the purity of the food colour nor the safety profile are regulated. The aim of this work was to study the physical and chemical properties of Red rice and to develop method for its determination in sausage products. The experiments were carried out on model and commercial samples of sausages. The samples were analyzed using spectrophotometry and highefficiency planar and liquid chromatography. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed differences in solubility, coloring power, spectral characteristics, composition and ratio of pigments in commercial samples of Red rice. The extraction parameters of colouring substances from sausages model samples were determined. It has been established that Red rice is extracted with chloroform, acetone, ethanol and its aqueous solutions. Petroleum ether was proposed for degreasing sausages. Red rice from sausages was extracted with acetone because it did not extract synthetic colours and carminic acid. It was found, that 90% of Red rice is extracted from samples of sausages by double extraction with ultrasonic treatment with a power of 128 W. High performance thin layer chromatography method and high performance liquid chromatography method for the Red rice identification was proposed. The content of Red rice in the extracts was determined by spectrophotometric method. The developed method for the determination of Red rice was tested on commercial samples of sausage products.

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