scholarly journals PSI-22 Rumen fluid metabolites influenced by endophyte-infected tall fescue seed and red clover isoflavones in beef steers

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 269-270
Author(s):  
Juan F Cordero-Llarena ◽  
Brooke A Clemmons ◽  
Emily A Melchior ◽  
Taylor B Seay ◽  
Joshua B Powers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Fescue Toxicosis ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Seed Type ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Total Alkaloids

Abstract Fescue toxicosis causes substantial financial losses to the beef industry due to its negative effects on reproduction, growth and feed efficiency. Recent research has demonstrated that the negative effects of fescue toxicosis may be mitigated by supplementation of red clover isoflavones. To determine impacts on the ruminal environment, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of red clover isoflavones and endophyte-infected tall fescue on ruminal metabolites. Thirty-six Angus steers weighing 250±20 kg were randomly assigned to treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement, consisting of endophyte-free or endophyte-infected tall fescue seed with or without red clover isoflavones. For the 21d trial, steers were provided a basal diet supplemented with fescue seed targeting a minimum of 0.011 mg × kg of BW−1 × d−1 of total alkaloids. A total of 943 mg isoflavones were administered daily via bolus. Following the trial, 50mL of rumen fluid was collected via orogastric tubing. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was performed using an Exactive Plus Orbitrap MS, and 10µL sample was introduced using electrospray ionization into the Dionex UltiMate 3000 UPLC system. Peaks were identified in MAVEN, then normalized and analyzed in MetaboAnalyst 4.0, and 106 known metabolites were identified. Differences in seed type × isoflavone were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and main effects were analyzed by t-test. A total of 11 metabolites differed based on seed type × isoflavone treatment group (P ≤ 0.05), 11 differed by seed type (P ≤ 0.5), and seven differed by isoflavone treatment (P ≤ 0.05), namely amino acids or intermediates of amino acid metabolism. Methane (P = 0.03) and sulfur (P = 0.03) metabolism pathways were both impacted by isoflavone treatment, whereas 20 metabolic pathways were impacted as a result of differences in seed type (P ≤ 0.05). The rumen metabolome appears to be more affected by seed type, but a longer trial will likely result in more profound impacts.

scholarly journals PSII-27 Effect of endophyte-infected tall fescue seed and red clover isoflavones on the serum metabolites in beef steers

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
Taylor B Seay ◽  
Brooke A Clemmons ◽  
Emily A Melchior ◽  
Juan Fernando Cordero Llarena ◽  
Joshua B Powers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Fescue Toxicosis ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Serum Metabolites ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Distinct Separation

Abstract Fescue toxicosis reduces animal performance, costing approximately $2 billion dollars to the beef industry annually. Emerging research has demonstrated effects of fescue toxicosis can be reduced by consumption of red clover isoflavones. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of isoflavone supplementation with endophyte infected seed consumption on serum metabolites in beef steers. Angus steers (n = 36) were randomly allocated to treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of endophyte-infected (E+) or endophyte-free (E-) tall fescue seed, with (P+) or without (P-) a red clover isoflavone supplement. For the 21d trial, steers were provided a basal diet supplemented with fescue seed head targeting a minimum of 0.011 mg×kg of body weight−1×d−1 of total alkaloids. A total of 943 mg isoflavones were administered daily via bolus. Following the 21d trial, blood samples were collected for metabolite analysis. Metabolites were filtered from serum and extracted using 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile:water:methanol (2:2:1) for analysis on the Dionex UltiMate 3000 UHPLC system and Exactive Plus Orbitrap MS. The Metabolomic Analysis and Visualization Engine program was used to determine peaks and identify metabolites. Resulting metabolite data were analyzed in MetaboAnalyst 4.0 and SAS 9.4 with significance at P≤0.05. Principle component analysis indicated separation of metabolomes between E+P+ and E-P- steers. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis depicted distinct separation between P+ and P- steers and partial separation between E+ and E- steers. The variation between P+ and P- metabolomes were mainly due to differences in citrulline (r = 0.47, P = 0.003), and AMP (r = -0.35, P = 0.03) between E+ and E- metabolomes. A total of 13 and 8 metabolic pathways were impacted from differences in seed type and isoflavone treatment, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). Therefore, metabolism is altered by isoflavone supplementation that may improve animal performance during fescue toxicosis.

scholarly journals Rumen and Serum Metabolomes in Response to Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Seed and Isoflavone Supplementation in Beef Steers

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Taylor B. Ault-Seay ◽  
Emily A. Melchior-Tiffany ◽  
Brooke A. Clemmons ◽  
Juan F. Cordero ◽  
Gary E. Bates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Fescue Toxicosis ◽  
Nucleic Acid Metabolism ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Beef Cattle Production ◽  
Altered Metabolism

Fescue toxicosis impacts beef cattle production via reductions in weight gain and muscle development. Isoflavone supplementation has displayed potential for mitigating these effects. The objective of the current study was to evaluate isoflavone supplementation with fescue seed consumption on rumen and serum metabolomes. Angus steers (n = 36) were allocated randomly in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments including endophyte-infected (E+) or endophyte-free (E−) tall fescue seed, with (P+) or without (P−) isoflavones. Steers were provided a basal diet with fescue seed for 21 days, while isoflavones were orally administered daily. Following the trial, blood and rumen fluid were collected for metabolite analysis. Metabolites were extracted and then analyzed by UPLC-MS. The MAVEN program was implemented to identify metabolites for MetaboAnalyst 4.0 and SAS 9.4 statistical analysis. Seven differentially abundant metabolites were identified in serum by isoflavone treatment, and eleven metabolites in the rumen due to seed type (p < 0.05). Pathways affected by treatments were related to amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism in both rumen fluid and serum (p < 0.05). Therefore, metabolism was altered by fescue seed in the rumen; however, isoflavones altered metabolism systemically to potentially mitigate detrimental effects of seed and improve animal performance.

scholarly journals Effects of endophyte-infected tall fescue seed and red clover isoflavones on rumen microbial populations and physiological parameters of beef cattle1,2

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 315-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A Melchior ◽  
Jason K Smith ◽  
Liesel G Schneider ◽  
J Travis Mulliniks ◽  
Gary E Bates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
The United States ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Fescue Toxicosis ◽  
Seed Type ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Tall Fescue Toxicosis

Abstract Lolium arundinaceum [(Darbyshire) tall fescue] toxicosis is responsible for substantial beef production losses in the United States, due to its negative effects on reproduction, growth, and feed efficiency. These effects are consequences of toxic alkaloids within tall fescue. Interseeding legumes, such as Trifolium pratense (red clover), into pastures has been shown to mitigate a portion of these effects. Clovers contain isoflavones, which may play a role in tall fescue toxicosis mitigation. The present study utilized 36 Angus steers to determine the effects of daily supplementation with a red clover-isolated isoflavone feed additive on physiological symptoms of tall fescue toxicosis and the rumen microbial environment over a 21-d period. Angus steers were initially stratified based upon their single nucleotide polymorphism genotype at the DRD2 receptor. Treatments were then randomly assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement within a completely randomized design, where treatment factors consisted of tall fescue seed type (endophyte-infected tall fescue seed vs. endophyte-free tall fescue seed) supplemented with and without the isoflavone additive. Steers that consumed endophyte-infected tall fescue seed had lower serum prolactin concentrations (P = 0.0007), average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.003), final body weight (BW; P = 0.004), and feed efficiency (P = 0.018) when compared with steers that consumed endophyte-free tall fescue seed. Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) tended to be reduced with supplementation of isoflavones (P = 0.06) but was unaffected by seed type (P ≥ 0.10) and seed by treatment interaction (P ≥ 0.10). Isoflavones reduced serum glucose levels (P = 0.023), but neither seed type, isoflavones, or their interaction affected serum urea nitrogen (SUN), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), or insulin (P ≥ 0.10). Volatile fatty acid concentrations, dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal pH, and overall feeding behaviors were also unaffected by seed type or isoflavone treatments (P ≥ 0.10). Twenty-eight ruminal bacteria taxa shifted as a result of seed type or isoflavone treatment (P &lt; 0.05). In this experiment, feeding isoflavones to Angus cattle did not completely mitigate all symptoms of fescue toxicosis. However, dose–response trials may aid future research to determine if dietary supplementation with isoflavones alleviates fescue toxicosis symptoms and promotes livestock growth and performance.

scholarly journals Effects of endophyte infected tall fescue seed and red clover isoflavones on rumen microbial populations, fiber fermentation, and volatile fatty acidsin vitro

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A. Melchior ◽  
J. Travis Mulliniks ◽  
Jason K. Smith ◽  
Gary E. Bates ◽  
Liesel G. Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Fescue Toxicosis ◽  
Seed Type ◽  
Fiber Degradation ◽  
Treatment Interaction

AbstractNegative impacts of endophyte-infectedLolium arundinaceum (Darbyshire)(tall fescue) are responsible for over $2 billion in losses to livestock producers annually. While the influence of endophyte-infected tall fescue has been studied for decades, mitigation methods have not been clearly elucidated. Isoflavones found inTrifolium pretense(red clover) have been the subject of recent research regarding tall fescue toxicosis mitigation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of ergovaline and red clover isoflavones on rumen microbial populations, fiber degradation, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) in anin vitrosystem. Using a dose of 1.10 mg × L−1, endophyte-infected or endophyte-free tall fescue seed was added to ANKOM fiber bags with or without 2.19 mg of isoflavones in the form of a control, powder, or pulverized tablet, resulting in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangements of treatments. Measurements of pH, VFA, bacterial taxa, as well as the disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (aNDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude protein (CP) were taken after 48 h of incubation. aNDF disappearance values were significantly altered by seed type(P= 0.003) and isoflavone treatment (P= 0.005), and ADF disappearance values were significantly different in a seed x isoflavone treatment interaction (P≤ 0.05). A seed x isoflavone treatment interaction was also observed with respect to CP disappearance (P≤ 0.05). Seventeen bacterial taxa were significantly altered by seed x isoflavone treatment interaction groups (P≤ 0.05), six bacterial taxa were increased by isoflavones (P≤ 0.05), and eleven bacterial taxa were altered by seed type (P≤ 0.05). Due to the beneficial effect of isoflavones on tall fescue seed fiber degradation, these compounds may be viable options for mitigating fescue toxicosis. Further research should be conducted to determine physiological implications as well as microbiological changesin vivo.

scholarly journals 155 Evaluation of cytokine response as an indicator of genetic resistance to fescue toxicosis in purebred Angus cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 45-46
Author(s):  
Kyle Mayberry ◽  
Rebecca K Poole ◽  
McKayla A Newsome ◽  
Piush Khanal ◽  
Matthew H Poore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Cytokine Response ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Fescue Toxicosis ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Abstract Fescue toxicosis is a multifaceted syndrome common in cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue. However, varying responses among cattle potentially implies genetic tolerance to the syndrome. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the cytokine response of cows deemed either tolerant or susceptible to endophyte-infected fescue. Angus cows, 2–4 yrs old, grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue at two locations for 13 weeks starting mid-April 2016. A post-hoc analysis of animal performance was utilized to designate cattle into either tolerant (n = 20) or susceptible (n = 20) groups, based on physiological responses (changes in ADG) to chronic exposure to endophyte-infected fescue. Blood samples collected on weeks 1, 7, and 13 were used to evaluate serum prolactin (PRL) concentration. Cytokine concentrations were evaluated via Quantibody Bovine Cytokine Arrays. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with repeated measures. There were no differences by location or week. Tolerant cows tended to have decreased overall PRL concentrations compared to susceptible cows (98.3 and 138.4 ng/mL, respectively; P = 0.08). G protein-coupled receptor associated sorting protein (GASP)-1, a down-regulator of G protein-coupled receptors including D2-dopamine receptor a regulator of PRL secretion, was greater in tolerant cows when compared to susceptible cows (4.7 and 4.2 ng/mL; P = 0.03). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A was greater in tolerant cows when compared to susceptible cows (0.5 and 0.2 ng/mL; P = 0.02). Finally, interleukin (IL)-4, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, tended to be greater in tolerant cows when compared to susceptible cows (2.2 and 0.8 ng/mL, respectively; P = 0.07). Based on these data, greater concentrations of GASP-1, VEGF-A, and IL-4 in tolerant compared to susceptible cattle may mitigate the detrimental effects of fescue toxicosis, including suppressed PRL and vasoconstriction, leading to improved animal performance in a fescue environment. Additionally, these cytokines may serve as potential biomarkers for determining an animal’s tolerance or susceptibility to negative effects associated with endophyte-infected tall fescue

Improved Extraction and HPLC Methods for Ergovaline from Plant Material and Rumen Fluid

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Morrie Craig ◽  
Dan Bilich ◽  
Jeannette T. Hovermale ◽  
Ronald E. Welty
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Fescue Toxicosis ◽  
Acremonium Coenophialum ◽  
Reverse Phase ◽  
High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Fast Analysis ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Ergovaline, the main ergopeptine alkaloid produced in tall fescue infected with Acremonium coenophialum, is known to cause tall fescue toxicosis. Current methods in use for quantifying ergovaline in plant material have several disadvantages, including large solvent volumes and long analysis time. We report here improvements in extraction and cleanup and the high-pressure liquid chromatographic methods. Our improvements include a 24-hour extraction time, the use of smaller solvent volumes during sample preparation, and fast analysis on the polymeric reverse-phase column. In addition to allowing the analysis of large batches to assist practitioners in the accurate diagnosis of fescue toxicosis, our method is also easily modified for other matrices, such as rumen fluid.

scholarly journals Development of a genetic evaluation for hair shedding in American Angus cattle to improve thermotolerance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harly J. Durbin ◽  
Duc Lu ◽  
Helen Yampara-Iquise ◽  
Stephen P. Miller ◽  
Jared E. Decker
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Genetic Evaluation ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Fescue Toxicosis ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Angus Cattle ◽  
Genetic Evaluations

AbstractBackgroundHeat stress and fescue toxicosis caused by ingesting tall fescue infected with the endophytic fungus Epichloë coenophiala represent two of the most prevalent stressors to beef cattle in the United States, costing the beef industry millions of dollars each year. The rate at which a beef cow sheds her winter coat early in the summer is an indicator of adaptation to heat and an economically relevant trait in many parts of the U.S. Further, research suggests that early-summer hair shedding may be reflective of tolerance to fescue toxicosis, as vasoconstriction induced by fescue toxicosis limits the ability of an animal to shed its winter coat. Here, we developed parameters for routine genetic evaluation of hair shedding score in American Angus cattle and identified genomic loci associated with variation in hair shedding score via genome-wide association analysis (GWAA).ResultsHair shedding score was found to be moderately heritable (h2 = 0.34 to 0.40), with differing repeatability estimates between cattle grazing versus not grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue. Our results suggest modestly negative genetic and phenotypic correlations between a dam’s hair shedding score (lower score is earlier shedding) and the weaning weight of her calf, one metric of performance. Together, these results indicate that economic gains can be made via the use of hair shedding score breeding values to select for heat tolerant cattle. GWAA identified 176 variants significant at FDR < 0.05. Functional enrichment analyses using genes within 50 Kb of these variants identified pathways involved in keratin formation, prolactin signaling, host-virus interaction, and other biological processes.ConclusionsThis work contributes to a continuing trend in the development of genetic evaluations for environmental adaptation. The results of this work will aid beef cattle producers in selecting more sustainable and climate-adapted cattle, as well as enable the development of similar routine genetic evaluations in other breeds.

scholarly journals Ryegrass endophyte-related heat stress in cattle

1995 ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.S. Easton ◽  
G.A. Lane ◽  
B.A. Tapper ◽  
R.G. Keogh ◽  
B.M. Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fescue Toxicosis ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Tall Fescue Toxicosis

Heat stress in Northland cattle has been shown to be similar to tall fescue toxicosis as described in south-east USA, but incidence has not been correlated with the presence of tall fescue on farms. Tall fescue toxicosis results from grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue, and is caused by the alkaloid ergovaline. Cases are described of cattle suffering typical symptoms of ergovaline poisoning, though they had negligible access to tall fescue. Pasture surveys have shown ergovaline levels in ryegrass pastures to often be sufficient to cause toxicosis. Ambient temperatures interact with ingestion of toxin to cause heat stress. It is suggested that usual weather conditions in New Zealand temper the negative effects of the toxin. Higher temperatures increase the levels of ergovaline in pasture, and increase the sensitivity of livestock to it. Heat stress in North Island cattle probably usually results from the interaction of particular environmental conditions with the grazing of perennial ryegrass. Keywords: endophyte, ergovaline, fescue toxicosis, heat stress, Lolium perenne

scholarly journals PSVI-13 Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus-based enzyme extracts on rumen fermentation, fiber digestibility, and plasma metabolome of beef steers fed red clover/orchard hay

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 434-434
Author(s):  
Ibukun M Ogunade ◽  
Devan M Compart ◽  
Andres A Pech-Cervantes
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Fiber Digestibility

Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) and Aspergillus-based enzyme extracts (ABE) are respectively fed to improve gut health and forage digestibility in ruminants. Also, cells of SC contain polyamines which can regulate the immune function. This study evaluated the synergistic effects of SC and ABE on rumen fermentation, plasma polyamine concentrations, and in vitro fiber digestibility of beef steers fed red clover/orchard hay. Eight rumen-cannulated Holstein steers were assigned to 4 treatments arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four 21-d periods. Dietary treatments were (1) CON (basal diet without additive), (2) SC (CON + 15 g/d of live SC; PMI, Arden Hills, MN, (3) ABE (5 g of ABE; PMI, Arden Hills, MN, USA) and (4) SC+ABE (15 g/d of live SC + 5 g of ABE). On d 21, blood samples were collected before morning feeding for analysis of plasma polyamines (spermines, spermidine, and putrescine). Rumen fluid samples were collected 3, 6, and 9 hours after feeding for analysis of VFA and in vitro dry matter and fiber digestibility. The model included the effects of treatment, period, and random effects of cow and square. Compared with CON, neither SC nor ABE had effects (P &gt; 0.10) on ruminal VFA profile. In contrast, SC+ABE increased (P ≤ 0.05) the ruminal concentrations of acetate, butyrate, valerate and total VFA concentrations. In vitro dry matter and fiber digestibilities were increased (P &lt; 0.05) by SC+ABE, but not by SC or ABE alone. Both SC and SC+ABE increased (P &lt; 0.05) plasma concentrations of spermidine and spermine. These results suggest that SC supplementation with or without ABE increased plasma concentrations of polyamines; however, SC and ABE synergistically improved the rumen fermentation and in vitro fiber and DM digestibility.

Additional nutritional considerations for preconditioning beef calves.

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipe Moriel
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Vaccine Response ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Supplemental Feed ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
Daily Gain

Calves can be preconditioned using a wide variety of supplemental feed ingredients. However, feed ingredient selection is not the only factor to consider during a preconditioning process. Increasing the protein supply to stressed, preconditioning beef steers led to greater growth performance, and increased immune response to vaccination during a 42-day preconditioning period. Producers should not reduce the frequency of concentrate supplementation during the entire preconditioning period as it might lead to poorer vaccine response and average daily gain (consequently, less calf value at sale). However, a gradual reduction of frequency of supplementation is a supplementation strategy that can overcome these negative effects on growth and immunity, and allows producers to save on feeding and labor costs without producing lighter calves that have weaker immune responses.  

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