Apparent digestibility, fecal particle size, and mean retention time of reduced lignin alfalfa hay fed to horses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M Grev ◽  
Marcia R Hathaway ◽  
Craig C Sheaffer ◽  
M Scott Wells ◽  
Amanda S Reiter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Collection Phase ◽  
Fecal Collection

Abstract Reduced lignin alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has the potential to provide a higher quality forage source for livestock by improving forage digestibility. This study was conducted to evaluate apparent digestibility when feeding reduced lignin and non-reduced lignin alfalfa hay to adult horses, and to examine mean fecal particle size (MFPS) and mean retention time (MRT) between alfalfa forage types. In 2017, reduced lignin (‘54HVX41’) and non-reduced lignin (‘WL355.RR’) alfalfa hay was harvested in Minnesota at the late-bud stage. Alfalfa hays were similar in crude protein (CP; 199 g kg -1), neutral detergent fiber (NDF; 433 g kg -1), and digestible energy (DE; 2.4 Mcal kg -1). Acid detergent lignin (ADL) concentrations were lower for reduced lignin alfalfa hay (74 g kg -1) compared to non-reduced lignin alfalfa hay (81 g kg -1). Dietary treatments were fed to six adult, stock-type horses in a crossover study. Experimental periods consisted of a 9-d dietary adaptation phase followed by a 5-d total fecal collection phase, during which horses were housed in individual boxstalls and manure was removed on a continuous 24-h basis. At 12-h intervals, feces were thoroughly mixed, subsampled in duplicate, and used for apparent digestibility and MFPS analysis. On day 2 of the fecal collection phase, horses were fed two indigestible markers, cobalt (Co) and ytterbium (Yb), which were fed as Co-EDTA and Yb-labelled NDF residue, respectively. Additional fecal samples were taken at 2-h intervals following marker dosing until 96-h post-dosing to evaluate digesta MRT. Data was analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with statistical significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Dietary treatment (i.e., alfalfa hay type) was included as a fixed effect, while experimental period and horse were considered random effects. Dietary treatments were similar in dry matter intake (DMI; 1.6% BW) and time to consumption (TTC; 7.6 h). Apparent dry matter digestibility (DMD) was greater for reduced lignin alfalfa (64.4%) compared to non-reduced lignin alfalfa (61.7%). Apparent CP and NDF digestibility did not differ between dietary treatments, averaging 78% and 45%, respectively. Dietary treatments were similar in MFPS (0.89 mm) and MRT for both liquid (23.7 h) and solid (27.4 h) phase material. These results indicate an improvement in DMD for reduced lignin alfalfa hay when fed to adult horses, with no change in forage consumption, fecal particle size, or digesta retention time.

Apparent digestibility, fecal particle size, and mean retention time of reduced lignin alfalfa hay fed to horses

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Grev ◽  
M.R. Hathaway ◽  
A.S. Reiter ◽  
C.C. Sheaffer ◽  
M.S. Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Alfalfa Hay

Effects of particle size on digestion of hay by sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Fadlalla ◽  
R. N. B. Kay ◽  
E. D. Goodall
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Significant Difference

SummaryThe digestion and retention times of milled hay diets were first studied in three sheep fitted with rumen and abomasal cannulae. The hay was milled through 5, 20 or 40 mm screens. Solubility of dry matter (D.M.) in water and rate of loss of D.M. from hay in nylon bags suspended in the rumen increased with fineness of grinding. Apparent digestibility of D.M. within the gut tended to fall with fineness of grinding, as did mean retention time (MRT) of a particulate marker, [103Ru]phenanthroline ([103Ru]phen), within the gut and of [103Ru]phen and a liquid marker, [51Cr]EDTA, within the rumen. Dry-sieved abomasal particles were much smaller than particles of any of the hay preparations, most passing through a 0·6 mm screen.A second experiment was made on four other sheep, fitted with rumen cannulae and given a similar hay, chopped to 50 mm or milled through 2, 5 or 20 mm screens. Apparent digestibility of D.M. within the gut fell significantly with fineness of grinding, from 55% with the chopped hay to 46% with the 2 mm hay, as did MRT, from 45 to 40 h respectively. Rumen pH at 1 h after feeding decreased with fineness of grinding.In a third experiment, using the four sheep given chopped or 2 mm hay, retention times of particulate matter and of fluid in the reticulo-rumen and in the caecum-colon were measured. [103Ru]phen and [51Cr]EDTA were dosed together into either the rumen or the terminal ileum, and the rates of decline of marker concentration in rumen samples or faeces respectively were used to calculate the appropriate half times(t½). In the rumen particulate and fluid markers showed significantly shorter t½ values with the 2 mm hay (20·8 and 12·4 h, respectively) than with the chopped hay (25·9 and 15·6 h, respectively) without a significant difference in rumen outflow (0·437 and 0·492 l/h, respectively). In the caecum-colon the corresponding t½ values were 6·4 and 6·3 h, and 7·1 and 6·6 h, there being no significant difference either between markers or between diets.Samples of chopped hay and of 20, 5 and 2 mm hays were suspended in bags in the rumen of sheep given either chopped or 2 mm hay to eat. The fine hays lost D.M. more rapidly than the coarse hays but D.M. loss was slower when the sheep's diet was 2 mm hay that when it was chopped hay.It is concluded that three factors accounted for the effect of milling on digestibility: retention time in the reticulo-rumen, D.M. degradation rate in the rumen, and the potential digestibility of the hay preparation (asymptotic D.M. loss as measured in the rumen bag studies). It appeared that fine grinding reduced the digestibility of the hay because the effects of shortened MRT in reducing duration of digestion and of lowered rumen pH in depressing cellulolysis outweighed the effects of grinding in accelerating digestion and increasing potential digestibility within the rumen.

scholarly journals Effect of odontoplasty on apparent digestibility and consumption time of diet for equines

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
F.C.D. Araújo ◽  
M.G. Cruz ◽  
J.C.C. Balieiro ◽  
M.L. Menezes ◽  
C.G. Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Before And After

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of odontoplasty on apparent digestibility of diet for horses, consumption time, and particle size of feces. Nine horses were used, aged 14.5±3.3 years and weightng 531±38.7kg. The diet consisted of 1.5% of live weight (LW) in Tifton 85 hay and 0.75% of LW in concentrate for both assays. The experiment consisted of two tests of apparent digestibility using the method of total collection, before and after the odontoplasty, where the consumption time of hay and concentrate was also evaluated and the particle size of the feces was analyzed. An effect (P<0.05) of odontoplasty on the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was observed. Effect of the consumption time for the concentrate (P<0.05) was observed, but not for the forage (P<0.05). There was more retention (P<0.05) of the fecal particles in the sieves of bigger granulometry. The odontoplasty increases the digestibility of dietary nutrients and feces particle size, without changing feces quality. Animals after the procedure have shorter concentrate consumption time.

scholarly journals Effects of barley silage of different theoretical cut length on digestion kinetics in ruminants

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Soita ◽  
D. A. Christensen ◽  
J. J. McKinnon ◽  
A. F. Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Eating Rate ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Digestion Kinetics ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Barley Silage

Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of two theoretical lengths of cut (TLC) (short = 4.7 mm and long = 18.8 mm) on the feeding value of barley silage to steers fed an all-forage diet. In the first study, six steers were used to determine intake of dry matter, total tract digestibility of dry matter (DMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDFD), and acid detergent fiber (ADFD) in a replicated switchback design. In the second study, six steers equipped with rumen cannulas were used to determine the effects of barley silage particle size on ruminal kinetic and fermentation parameters. Feeding short barley silage to steers increased (P < 0.05) dry matter intake (DMI), DMD, NDFD, and ADFD compared with feeding long barley silage. The results of the second study showed that reducing barley silage particle size decreased (P < 0.05) ruminal retention time and increased (P < 0.05) passage rate of particulate matter. Ruminal pH was lower (P < 0.05) at 1000, 1200, 1800, 2000, and 2200 h for steers fed the short barley silage compared with those fed the long barley silage. However, the effects of barley silage particle size on ruminal ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were minimal. Eating rate was similar in both dietary treatments (average 40.3 g min-1). However, steers fed the long silage produced more (P < 0.05) saliva per kg DMI compared with those fed the short barley silage diets. It was concluded that reducing TLC of barley silage increased feed intake and improved total tract utilization of cell wall components by steers. Results of the metabolism study also showed changes in fermentation parameters, but no adverse physiological changes were noted when cattle were fed all forage diets. Key words: Barley silage, particle size, fermentation patterns

Effect of level of feeding a mixed ration of whole wheat grain and hay on the digestion of wheat grain by steers

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (90) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Toland
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
The Mean

The apparent digestibility of whole grain, proportion of grain voided in the faeces, retention time of whole grain and the rate of ingestion of the ration was measured for a mixed ration of 2/3 $whole wheat and 1/3 hay fed at 1 1/2 per cent and 3 per cent of mean liveweight to eight yearling steers in a cross-over design. Halving the level of intake of 3 per cent of the liveweight was accompanied by an increase in digestibility of grain dry matter from 53.8 to 68.3 per cent, a decrease in the proportion of grain voided from 31.6 to 19.6 per cent, a lengthening of the mean retention time from 31.9 to 52.3 hours and a reduction in the ingestion rate of the ration from 0.24 to 0.21 kg minute-1.

scholarly journals The role of rumen protozoa in the utilization of paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) hay by cattle

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Punia ◽  
Jane Leibholz ◽  
G. J. Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Paspalum Dilatatum ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Dietary Treatments

1.Six Friesian heifers (250 kg live weight) with permanent cannulas in the rumen and abomasum were allocated at random into two groups of three. One group was treated with Teric GN9 (ICI (Aust.) Ltd) to defaunate the animals during the first two of the four periods of the experiment, after which they were refaunated. The second group was treated with Teric at the end of the first two periods. The dietary treatments were: paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) hay (4.1 kg/d) given alone and the hay supplemented with urea (20 g/kg dry matter).2. Defaunation was not complete but the approximate volume of protozoa in the rumen of treated animals was less than 6% of that in the untreated animals.3. The amount of organic matter (OM) digested in the stomach was lower (P< 0.01) in animals with reduced fauna than in those with normal fauna. There were reductions in both the apparent OM digestibility in the total tract (from 0.56 to 0.52,P< 0.01) and the proportion of the digestible OM digested in the rumen (from 0.82 to 0.79, not significant) of animals with reduced fauna. Apparent digestibilities of acid-detergent fibre and neutral-detergent fibre were significantly lower (P< 0.01) in animals with reduced fauna.4. The amount of nitrogen disappearing from the stomach was significantly higher (P< 0.01) with the urea supplement; effects due to concentrations of protozoa were not significant. The flow of non-ammonia-N from the abomasum was higher (P< 0.05) in animals with reduced fauna than in animals with normal fauna. The flows of bacterial N from the abomasum and the efficiencies of bacterial N synthesis were not significantly affected by the treatments. N retention was higher (P< 0.01) in animals receiving the urea supplement but differences due to protozoa were not significant.5. Protozoal contribution to the microbial N flowing from the rumen of animals with normal fauna was estimated to be 24 and 27% with and without the urea supplement respectively.6. Concentrations of rumen-fluid ammonia-N were reduced (P< 0.05) and those of volatile fatty acids were increased (P< 0.01) with reduction in protozoal numbers. Molar proportions of propionic acid increased (P< 0.05) and of butyric acid decreased (P< 0.01) with reduced rumen fauna.7. Rumen water volume was lower (P< 0.05) and the mean retention time of indigestible acid-detergent lignin tended to be higher in animals with reduced fauna. Rumen dry-matter pool and mean retention time of CrEDTA were not significantly different between treatments.

Effect of forage to concentrate ratio on comparative digestion in sheep, goats and fallow deer

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ramanzin ◽  
L. Bailoni ◽  
S. Schiavon
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Dietary Treatments

AbstractThree ewes, three female goats and three male fallow deer, aged between 7 and 12 months and weighing 24·0 to 32·2 kg, were used in this experiment to outline the main differences in digestion among the three species. Dietary treatments were three diets with three forage: concentrate ratios of 10: 90, 50: 50, and 90:10 and two different feeding levels (45 and 90 g/kg M0·75 per day). The three diets were given to the three animals of each species in a Latin-square design; the two levels of feeding were compared ivithin diet in each period of the Latin square. The diet selected, apparent digestibility, and rumen retention time of Cr-mordanted neutral-detergent fibre were significantly different among species and dietary treatments. Interactions between species and dietary treatments were also significant for all the above variables. Sheep showed the highest intakes and apparent digestibilities of the forage-rich diets, and the longest rumen mean retention times. Goats tended to select diet components, despite allowance of diets being limited, and had lower food intakes than sheep. Apparent digestibility of forage-rich diet was also lower. Rumen mean retention times were shorter and less influenced by dietary treatments. Fallow deer had an apparent digestibility of forage-rich diets which was even lower than that of goats. Food intake was similar to that of sheep, with no evidence of selection. Rumen mean retention time was shorter than that of goats.

EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS OF FORAGES ON POTENTIALLY DIGESTIBLE FIBER, INTAKE, AND TRUE DIGESTIBILITY BY RUMINANTS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 787-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. GIRARD ◽  
G. DUPUIS
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
True Digestibility

In view of the large variation found in plant cell wall digestibilities with ruminants, an attempt was made to group 124 feeds into different lignification classes (clusters) on the basis of chemical characteristics. Each feed cluster was described using a structural coefficient [Formula: see text] that related the potentially digestible fiber (PDF, %) to the ratio between lignin and cell wall volume. The optimum number of clusters was determined iteratively by performing a regression of the apparent digestibility of dry matter at maintenance level (DDM1, %) against the PDF and cell soluble (SOL, %) contents of feeds. The [Formula: see text] coefficients varied from 0.05 (grains, N = 13) to 1.85 (corn silage, N = 3) and increased with the maturity of the grasses from 0.88 (legumes, vegetative cool season grasses, N = 26) to 1.33 (mature, cool season grasses, N = 19). Predicted PDF were closely correlated (r > 0.9, P < 0.01) to in vitro cell wall disappearances (IVCWD). Apparently digestible cell wall in four grasses and four legumes increased linearly with 96-h IVCWD and standard error (SE) was similar to the SE of predicted apparent digestible SOL from SOL concentrations. Assuming that similarity between SE could be also observed in larger samples, PDF and SOL were used in summative equations to predict apparent dry matter digestibility. DDM1 discounted for intake (DDM1 – 4, %) was regressed against SOL and PDF concentrations of 87 feeds:[Formula: see text]with ds and df, the true digestibilities of SOL and PDF. Estimates of ds and df were 0.98 and 0.95 for a zero-production (maintenance) level of intake, and 0.91 and 0.79 for an intake level four times maintenance. Since the true digestibility of the PDF component was only 4% – 13% lower than that of the cell soluble component, the concentration of PDF in cell wall was the major determinant in the variation in apparent digestibility of forages. Key words: lignin, neutral detergent fiber, true digestibility, cluster analysis, feeds

scholarly journals Diet components as internal indicators in the determination of the apparent digestibility coefficients for Nile tilapia

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 393-400
Author(s):  
Rafael Lopes da Silva ◽  
Eric Portilho de Araújo ◽  
Mariucha Karina Honório Ribeiro Rocha ◽  
Flavia Mota Damasceno ◽  
Jakeline Marcela Azambuja de Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dunnett's Test

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the diet components - crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin - as internal indicators in the determination of the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, gross energy, and of the nutrients - crude protein, phosphorus, and amino acids - in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Groups of ten juveniles (80.3±1 g) were randomly distributed in six tanks of 250 L and fed two practical diets, either of a plant-origin diet or of a plant- and animal-origin diet. Both diets were supplemented with 0.1% chromium (III) oxide (Cr2O3). Faeces were collected by the modified Guelph system. The apparent digestibility coefficients were determined by the content difference of the internal indicators, present in the diets and faeces, and compared by Dunnett’s test to those obtained by the use of Cr2O3. Cellulose was effective in the determination of the apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy, and nutrients of both experimental diets; and the acid detergent fiber was effective only for the diet composed exclusively of plant-origin ingredients. The use of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose, and lignin as digestibility indicators was inefficient for the analyzed nutrients of both diets. Therefore, cellulose is the most suitable indicator for digestibility evaluation in Nile tilapia.

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