285 Effects of Encapsulated Calcium-ammonium Nitrate on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Manure of Beef Steers Grazing a Mature Mixed-winter Forage

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 146-147
Author(s):  
Darren D Henry ◽  
Andrea M Osorio ◽  
Sebastian E Mejia-Turcios ◽  
David A Vargas ◽  
Lindsey C Slaughter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ground Corn

Abstract A 30-d experiment was conducted to evaluate daily and cumulative gas fluxes of N2O, CH4, and CO2 produced by manure from Angus-crossbred steers grazing mature mixed-winter forage pastures [wheat, triticale, and rye (Triticum aestivum, Triticosecale rimpaui, and Secale cereal, respectively) and receiving N supplementation from two different sources. Steers received the following treatments: 1) mature mixed-winter pasture + ground corn (NCTRL), 2) NCTRL + 328 mg/kg of BW encapsulated calcium-ammonium nitrate (NIT) and 3) NCTRL + 124 mg/kg of BW urea (CTRL). All ground corn was supplemented at 0.3% BW. Treatments NIT and CTRL were isonitrogenous. Feces were collected and composited (1 kg as-is) within treatment, within block (3 blocks; 4 steers/treatment/block; 3 fecal composites/treatment). Gas samples were collected from static chambers previously installed in an area excluded from grazing. After 3 d, composites were deposited on the soil surface inside the chamber. Four subsamples were taken per deployment time per chamber, separated by 10-min intervals (t0, t10, t20 and t30) and injected into an evacuated 125-mL serum vial. Gas samples were collected every other day between 0900 and 1100 h and analyzed using a gas chromatograph. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design, with chamber as the experimental unit, using the MIXED procedure of SAS. No treatment × day interaction (P ≥ 0.145), nor treatment (P ≥ 0.622) effect were observed on daily-flux data for N2O, CH4, and CO2; however, a day effect was observed (P ≤ 0.001) where all gases peaked on d 2 post-manure application on the soil. Cumulative emissions were not different among treatments for N2O, CH4, and CO2 (P ≥ 0.663). Although it was expected for encapsulated calcium-ammonium nitrate to increase N2O emissions, such effect was not observed. Therefore, it appears that encapsulated calcium-ammonium nitrate does not affect manure greenhouse gas emissions.

scholarly journals Simulating Long-Term Development of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Plant Biomass, and Soil Moisture of a Temperate Grassland Ecosystem under Elevated Atmospheric CO2

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Ralf Liebermann ◽  
Lutz Breuer ◽  
Tobias Houska ◽  
David Kraus ◽  
Gerald Moser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Co2 Concentrations

The rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations have effects on the worldwide ecosystems such as an increase in biomass production as well as changing soil processes and conditions. Since this affects the ecosystem’s net balance of greenhouse gas emissions, reliable projections about the CO2 impact are required. Deterministic models can capture the interrelated biological, hydrological, and biogeochemical processes under changing CO2 concentrations if long-term observations for model testing are provided. We used 13 years of data on above-ground biomass production, soil moisture, and emissions of CO2 and N2O from the Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) grassland experiment in Giessen, Germany. Then, the LandscapeDNDC ecosystem model was calibrated with data measured under current CO2 concentrations and validated under elevated CO2. Depending on the hydrological conditions, different CO2 effects were observed and captured well for all ecosystem variables but N2O emissions. Confidence intervals of ensemble simulations covered up to 96% of measured biomass and CO2 emission values, while soil water content was well simulated in terms of annual cycle and location-specific CO2 effects. N2O emissions under elevated CO2 could not be reproduced, presumably due to a rarely considered mineralization process of organic nitrogen, which is not yet included in LandscapeDNDC.

Sugarcane fields: sources or sinks for greenhouse gas emissions?

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Weier
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Sugarcane Crop ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The quantities of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere from sugarcane fields, and their contribution to the total emissions from Australian agriculture, have never been estimated with any degree of certainty. This review was conducted to collate the available information on greenhouse gas emissions from the Australian sugarcane crop. Estimates were made for the emissions of the 3 major greenhouse gases―carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O)―from known or suspected sources. Sinks for the sequestration of the gases also have been identified. CO2 was found to be emitted during burning of the crop and from trash-blanketed and bare sugarcane fields. Total emissions from these sources in the 1994 season were estimated at 7·6 Mt CO2-C/year. However, the sugarcane crop was identified as a major sink for C, with uptake by the crop in 1994 estimated at 13· 4 Mt CO2-C/year. N2O emanating from sugarcane soils via denitrification following application of fertiliser accounted for 45-78% of total gaseous N emissions. Estimates of N2O emissions from all land under sugarcane in 1994 totalled 4·4 kt N2O-N/year from denitrification with a further 6·3 kt N2O-N emitted from areas that are still burnt. This review suggests changes in management procedures that should limit the opportunities for denitrification in the soil and thus reduce N2O emissions. Methane evolution occurs during the smouldering phase, following burning of the crop, with production estimated at 6·7 kt CH4-C/year in 1994. CH4 oxidation in soil was identified as an important process for removal of atmospheric CH4, as were trash-blanketed soils. Although these figures are our best estimate of gaseous production from sugarcane fields, there still remains a degree of uncertainty due to sampling variability and because of the extrapolation to the entire sugarcane area. However, the coupling of new laser techniques with known micrometeorological methods will allow for a more precise sampling of greenhouse gas emissions over a larger area. Estimates would thus be more representative, resulting in a greater degree of confidence being placed in them by the sugar industry.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Effects of Biochar Application on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Soils: A Global Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Jing Xiao ◽  
Jianhui Xue ◽  
Lang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Response Ratio ◽  
Gas Emissions

Agricultural disturbance has significantly boosted soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Biochar application is a potential option for regulating soil GHG emissions. However, the effects of biochar application on soil GHG emissions are variable among different environmental conditions. In this study, a dataset based on 129 published papers was used to quantify the effect sizes of biochar application on soil GHG emissions. Overall, biochar application significantly increased soil CH4 and CO2 emissions by an average of 15% and 16% but decreased soil N2O emissions by an average of 38%. The response ratio of biochar applications on soil GHG emissions was significantly different under various management strategies, biochar characteristics, and soil properties. The relative influence of biochar characteristics differed among soil GHG emissions, with the overall contribution of biochar characteristics to soil GHG emissions ranging from 29% (N2O) to 71% (CO2). Soil pH, the biochar C:N ratio, and the biochar application rate were the most influential variables on soil CH4, CO2, and N2O emissions, respectively. With biochar application, global warming potential (impact of the emission of different greenhouse gases on their radiative forcing by agricultural practices) and the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions (emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity) significantly decreased, and crop yield greatly increased, with an average response ratio of 23%, 41%, and 21%, respectively. Our findings provide a scientific basis for reducing soil GHG emissions and increasing crop yield through biochar application.

Greenhouse-gas emissions from stockpiled and composted dairy-manure residues and consideration of associated emission factors

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Biala ◽  
N. Lovrick ◽  
D. Rowlings ◽  
P. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Chicken Litter

Emissions from stockpiled pond sludge and yard scrapings were compared with composted dairy-manure residues blended with shredded vegetation residues and chicken litter over a 5-month period at a farm in Victoria (Australia). Results showed that methane emissions occurred primarily during the first 30–60 days of stockpiling and composting, with daily emission rates being highest for stockpiled pond sludge. Cumulated methane (CH4) emissions per tonne wet feedstock were highest for stockpiling of pond sludge (969 g CH4/t), followed by composting (682 g CH4/t) and stockpiling of yard scrapings (120 g CH4/t). Sizeable nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes were observed only when temperatures inside the compost windrow fell below ~45−50°C. Cumulated N2O emissions were highest for composting (159 g N2O/t), followed by stockpiling of pond sludge (103 g N2O/t) and yard scrapings (45 g N2O/t). Adding chicken litter and lime to dairy-manure residues resulted in a very low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (13 : 1) of the composting mix, and would have brought about significant N2O losses during composting. These field observations suggested that decisions at composting operations, as in many other businesses, are driven more by practical and economic considerations rather than efforts to minimise greenhouse-gas emissions. Total greenhouse-gas emissions (CH4 + N2O), expressed as CO2-e per tonne wet feedstock, were highest for composting (64.4 kg), followed by those for stockpiling of pond sludge (54.5 kg) and yard scraping (16.3 kg). This meant that emissions for composting and stockpiling of pond sludge exceeded the new Australian default emission factors for ‘waste composting’ (49 kg). This paper proposes to express greenhouse-gas emissions from secondary manure-management systems (e.g. composting) also as emissions per tonne wet feedstock, so as to align them with the approach taken for ‘waste composting’ and to facilitate the development of emission-reduction methodologies for improved manure management at the farm level.

Global-Scale Impact of Human Nitrogen Fixation on Greenhouse Gas Emissions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim De Vries ◽  
Enzai Du ◽  
Klaus Butterbach Bahl ◽  
Lena Schulte Uebbing ◽  
Frank Dentener
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Co2 Exchange ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Gas Emissions

Human activities have rapidly accelerated global nitrogen (N) cycling since the late 19th century. This acceleration has manifold impacts on ecosystem N and carbon (C) cycles, and thus on emissions of the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4), which contribute to climate change. First, elevated N use in agriculture leads to increased direct N2O emissions. Second, it leads to emissions of ammonia (NH3), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and leaching of nitrate (NO3−), which cause indirect N2O emissions from soils and waterbodies. Third, N use in agriculture may also cause changes in CO2 exchange (emission or uptake) in agricultural soils due to N fertilization (direct effect) and in non-agricultural soils due to atmospheric NHx (NH3+NH4) deposition (indirect effect). Fourth, NOx (NO+NO2) emissions from combustion processes and from fertilized soils lead to elevated NOy (NOx+ other oxidized N) deposition, further affecting CO2 exchange. As most (semi-) natural terrestrial ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems are N limited, human-induced atmospheric N deposition usually increases net primary production (NPP) and thus stimulates C sequestration. NOx emissions, however, also induce tropospheric ozone (O3) formation, and elevated O3 concentrations can lead to a reduction of NPP and plant C sequestration. The impacts of human N fixation on soil CH4 exchange are insignificant compared to the impacts on N2O and CO2 exchange (emissions or uptake). Ignoring shorter lived components and related feedbacks, the net impact of human N fixation on climate thus mainly depends on the magnitude of the cooling effect of CO2 uptake as compared to the magnitude of the warming effect of (direct and indirect) N2O emissions. The estimated impact of human N fixation on N2O emission is 8.0 (7.0–9.0) Tg N2O-N yr−1, which is equal 1.02 (0.89–1.15) Pg CO2-C equivalents (eq) yr−1. The estimated CO2 uptake due to N inputs to terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems equals −0.75 (−0.56 to −0.97) Pg CO2-C eq yr−1. At present, the impact of human N fixation on increased CO2 sequestration thus largely (on average near 75%) compensates the stimulating effect on N2O emissions. In the long term, however, effects on ecosystem CO2 sequestration are likely to diminish due to growth limitations by other nutrients such as phosphorus. Furthermore, N-induced O3 exposure reduces CO2 uptake, causing a net C loss at 0.14 (0.07–0.21) Pg CO2-C eq yr−1. Consequently, human N fixation causes an overall increase in net greenhouse gas emissions from global ecosystems, which is estimated at 0.41 (−0.01–0.80) Pg CO2-C eq yr−1. Even when considering all uncertainties, it is likely that human N inputs lead to a net increase in global greenhouse gas emissions. These estimates are based on most recent science and modeling approaches with respect to: (i) N inputs to various ecosystems, including NH3 and NOx emission estimates and related atmospheric N (NH3 and NOx) deposition and O3 exposure; (ii) N2O emissions in response to N inputs; and (iii) carbon exchange in responses to N inputs (C–N response) and O3 exposure (C–O3 response), focusing on the global scale. Apart from presenting the current knowledge, this article also gives an overview of changes in the estimates of those fluxes and C–N response factors over time, including debates on C–N responses in literature, the uncertainties in the various estimates, and the potential for improving them.

scholarly journals Effect of Chinese Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) and Rice Straw Incorporated in Paddy Soil on Greenhouse Gas Emission and Soil Properties

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 717
Author(s):  
Qiaoying Ma ◽  
Jiwei Li ◽  
Muhammad Aamer ◽  
Guoqin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Paddy Soil ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Chinese Milk Vetch

Paddy soil is an important emission source of agricultural greenhouse gases. The excessive application of chemical fertilizer to paddy soil is one of the important reasons for high greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions can be reduced through optimized agricultural management measures. The incorporation of Chinese milk vetch (CMV) and rice straw in the field to replace some of the chemical fertilizer can reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases, but the relationship between these emissions and soil properties after the incorporation of CMV and rice straw is unclear. Through the continuous determination of greenhouse gases and the physical and chemical properties of soil, it was found that the addition of CMV and straw could increase the emissions of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), but nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were lower. The effect of the combined incorporating of CMV and rice straw on soil properties was more significant than CMV alone. It was also found that CH4 and CO2 emissions were positively correlated with microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, pH, and soil catalase and β-xylosidase activities. In practice, we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by water and fertilizer management.

Sensitivity analysis for models of greenhouse gas emissions at farm level. Case study of N2O emissions simulated by the CERES-EGC model

2011 ◽  
Vol 159 (11) ◽  
pp. 3156-3161 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-L. Drouet ◽  
N. Capian ◽  
J.-L. Fiorelli ◽  
V. Blanfort ◽  
M. Capitaine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Farm Level

scholarly journals Effect of Biochar on Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions at the Laboratory and Field Scales

Soil Systems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rivka Fidel ◽  
David Laird ◽  
Timothy Parkin
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Continuous Corn ◽  
The Impact

Biochar application to soil has been proposed as a means for reducing soil greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change. The effects, however, of interactions between biochar, moisture and temperature on soil CO2 and N2O emissions, remain poorly understood. Furthermore, the applicability of lab-scale observations to field conditions in diverse agroecosystems remains uncertain. Here we investigate the impact of a mixed wood gasification biochar on CO2 and N2O emissions from loess-derived soils using: (1) controlled laboratory incubations at three moisture (27, 31 and 35%) and three temperature (10, 20 and 30 °C) levels and (2) a field study with four cropping systems (continuous corn, switchgrass, low diversity grass mix and high diversity grass-forb mix). Biochar reduced N2O emissions under specific temperatures and moistures in the laboratory and in the continuous corn cropping system in the field. However, the effect of biochar on N2O emissions was only significant in the field and no effect on cumulative CO2 emissions was observed. Cropping system also had a significant effect in the field study, with soils in grass and grass-forb cropping systems emitting more CO2 and less N2O than corn cropping systems. Observed biochar effects were consistent with previous studies showing that biochar amendments can reduce soil N2O emissions under specific but not all, conditions. The disparity in N2O emission responses at the lab and field scales suggests that laboratory incubation experiments may not reliably predict the impact of biochar at the field scale.

scholarly journals 230 Effects of encapsulated calcium-ammonium nitrate on performance and methane production of beef steers grazing mixed winter forage

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 166-167
Author(s):  
Andrea M Osorio Doblado ◽  
Sebastian E Mejia-Turcios ◽  
Miranda K Stotz ◽  
David Vargas ◽  
Rafael Canonenco de Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Supplement Intake

Abstract The effects of encapsulated calcium-ammonium nitrate (eCAN) on in vivo methane production and performance were evaluated. A generalized randomized block design was used with beef steers grazing a mixed winter forage (Triticum aestivum, Triticosecale rimpaui, and Secale cereale) for 49 d. Thirty-six Angus-crossbred steers (332 ± 53 kg) were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) winter pasture + corn (WC), 2) WC + 328 mg/kg of BW eCAN (WCN) and 3) WC + 124 mg/kg of BW UREA (WCU), all supplemented with corn (0.3% BW treatments). Treatments WCN and WCU were isonitrogenous. A 14d adaptation period was used to adapt cattle to treatments. Methane emissions were measured using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique. Blood samples and BW were taken at d 0, 24, 35, and 49. Supplemental corn and NPN orts were collected daily. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of pasture (block); BUN, supplement intake and CP intake were analyzed with repeated measures. Steer was considered the experimental unit. Methane production was not different (P > 0.05) considering g/d, g/kg of BW, g/kg of MBW, or g/kg of ADG. Treatments did not affect ADG (P = 0.941). Supplement intake was affected by treatment (P < 0.001), with WC (0.979 kg) being greater compared to WCU (0.887 kg) and WCN (0.706 kg). Total CP intake increased (P < 0.001) with WCU (0.155 kg) and WCN (0.116 kg), compared to WC (0.074 kg), which did not have a non-protein source. Blood urea nitrogen was affected by day, with d 24 (18.598 mg/dL) being greater compared to d 0 (8.215 mg/dL), 35 (10.549 mg/dL) and 49 (14.5744 mg/dL). The eCAN did not effectively replace urea as a NPN source to mitigate enteric methane.

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