scholarly journals 301 Effects of housing system on performance and behavior of dairy calves before and after weaning

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Shuai Liu ◽  
Gibson Alugongo ◽  
Jinghui Li ◽  
Zhijun Cao ◽  
Yajing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
D 63 ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
D 43

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of housing system on performance and behavior of dairy calves during pre-weaning (d 1–42), weaning (d 43–56), post-weaning (d 57–63) and mixing (d 64–70) period. Thirty-seven newborn Holstein dairy calves were allocated to individual (n = 17) or pair housing (n = 10 pairs). After that, calves remained in their pens until d 63 ± 1, and then PH group and IH group were mixed and moved to 6 group pens randomly. Starter intake, fecal consistency scores and body weight were collected. Instantaneous scan-sampling with 5-min intervals was used to collect the behavioral observations (lying, ruminating, standing, eating, drinking, walking, self-grooming, manipulating object) for 48 h beginning on d 43, 50, 57 and the second day after mixing. Data were analyzed by mixed effect model with treatment, time, and the interaction between them as fixed effects, and animal within treatment as a random effect. During post-weaning period, PH group had higher starter intake (P = 0.02) and average daily gain (P = 0.02) than IH group. PH group weighed more on d 63 (P = 0.002) and d 70 (P = 0.002). PH group had higher diarrhea frequency than IH group in week 3 (P = 0.03). PH increased lying time in week 8 (P = 0.03) and walking time during post-weaning period (P = 0.05), yet IH group spent more time standing in week 8 (P = 0.008), eating during post-weaning period (P = 0.008), self-grooming during weaning period (week 7, P = 0.007; week 8, P = 0.03). Furthermore, previous housing system had no effect on calves’ behavior after mixing. In conclusion, Pair housing during post-weaning period improved performance of calves and housing system had on effect on behavior after mixing. Figure 1. ADG (mean±SEM) for calves housed individually (n = 17 calves) or in pairs (n = 10 pairs). PH = calves housed in pairs; IH = calves housed individually. * P ≤ 0.05, † P < 0.10. Figure 2. BW (mean±SEM) for calves housed individually (n = 17 calves) or in pairs (n = 10 pairs). PH = calves housed in pairs; IH = calves housed individually. * P ≤ 0.05, † P < 0.10. Figure 3. Diarrhea frequency for calves housed individually (n = 17 calves) or in pairs (n = 10 pairs) before 63d. PH = calves housed in pairs; IH = calves housed individually. * P ≤ 0.05. Figure 4. Time (mean±SEM) for calves (n = 6) performing each behavior as affected by different housing system during weaning, post-weaning and mixing period.* P ≤ 0.05.

scholarly journals PSIII-3 The effects of feeding milk from a nipple or a bucket on performance, blood metabolism, rumen fermentation and behavior of dairy calves during preweaning period

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 192-193
Author(s):  
Shuai Liu ◽  
Saiergelin Bayindaoerji ◽  
Jingjun Wang ◽  
Shengli Li
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Feeding Methods ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Milk Feeding

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two milk feeding methods on performance, blood metabolism, rumen fermentation and behavior of preweaning dairy calves. Forty newborn Holstein female calves were assigned to one of two treatments equally: nipple feeding (NF) and bucket feeding (BF). Gradual weaning commenced on d 35 and weaning occurred on d 56. Starter intake, fecal scoring, body weight and structural measurements (withers height, heart girth, abdominal girth, body length) were collected. Blood samples and Rumen fluid samples were collected on day 28 and 56, respectively. Ten calves from each treatment were selected randomly and instantaneous scan-sampling with 3 min intervals was used to collect the behavior data (licking nipple or bucket, manipulating objects, self-grooming, lying, standing). Observation were conducted twice per week (1 h session duration) and were centered around morning (0900 h), afternoon (1500 h), and evening (1700 h) milk feeding period. Data were analyzed by mixed effect model with treatment, time, and the interaction between them as fixed effects, and animal within treatment as a random effect. Results showed that body weight, average daily gain, starter intake and structural measurements were similar between two treatments. NF group had higher diarrhea frequency than BF group during week 6 (P = 0.03). NF group had higher concentration of insulin (P = 0.01), IGF-1 (P = 0.03) and β-hydroxybutyric acid (P = 0.04) than BF group on d 56. Rumen pH and volatile fatty acids were similar between two treatments. No differences between two treatments for behavior observation were found, except that NF group spent more time licking nipple than BF group (P = 0.001). In conclusion, nipple or bucket feeding had no effects on performance, starter intake and rumen fermentation, yet nipple feeding increased licking time and different feeding methods influenced blood metabolism.

scholarly journals 138 Effects of Increasing Soybean Meal in Corn-based Diets on Growth Performance of Late-finishing Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 70-71
Author(s):  
Julia P Holen ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing levels of soybean meal (SBM) replacing feed grade amino acids in corn or corn-dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS)-based diets on growth performance of late finishing pigs. In both experiments, there were 22 to 27 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment. Average length of the experiments was 35 (Exp. 1) and 29 days (Exp. 2). Diets were balanced to contain 0.70% SID Lys and 2,667 or 2,610 kcal NE/kg for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Minimum amino acid ratios relative to Lys were: Ile, 55; Met&Cys, 60; Thr, 65; Trp, 19.5, and Val, 70. Dietary crude protein ranged from 10.1 to 15.2 for Exp. 1 and 13.6 to 19.4 for Exp. 2. The statistical model considered fixed effects of treatment, linear and quadratic contrasts, and random effect of block. In Exp.1, 1,793 pigs (L337×1050, PIC; initially 104.9 ± 1.4 kg) were fed corn-based diets and pens of pigs were assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with increasing SBM from 5 to 20%. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed (G:F) increased (linear; P < 0.05) as SBM increased with the greatest improvement observed as SBM increased from 5 to 8.75%, with little improvement thereafter. In Exp. 2, 1,827 pigs (L337×1050, PIC; initially 97.9 ± 1.1 kg) were used in a similar study as Exp. 1, but all diets contained 25% DDGS and SBM levels increased from 0 to 16%. Overall, G:F and final bodyweight of pigs marginally improved (linear and quadratic, respectively; P < 0.10) as SBM increased, with the greatest performance observed when diets contained 8% SBM. These results suggest that increasing SBM up to 8% at the expense of feed grade amino acids in corn or corn-DDGS-based diets improved ADG or G:F in late-finishing pigs.

143 Effect of Supplementary Selenium Source on Dairy Cow Performance, Antioxidant Status, and Apparent Absorption and Retention

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 80-80
Author(s):  
Keira M Cruickshank ◽  
Bayissa Hatew ◽  
Amanda M Gehman ◽  
Karen M Koenig ◽  
Eduardo S Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Apparent Absorption ◽  
Cow Performance

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine how source of selenium (Se) affects dairy cow performance, antioxidant status, and apparent absorption and retention. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 24; 597 ± 49 kg BW) were blocked by days in milk (161 ± 18) and randomly assigned to receive 0.3 mg/kg of either: 1) organic Se (selenized yeast; ORG; Sel-Plex-Alltech); or, 2) inorganic Se (sodium selenite; INO) premix, top dressed and mixed into a ration daily. After an 11-week adaptation period (blood and milk sampled monthly), cows received an intraruminal dose of Se77 (either Se77 yeast or NaSe77O3) followed by a 4-day period of blood and rumen fluid sampling, and total collection of feces, urine, and milk. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS with fixed effects of treatment, time, and their interaction, and random effect of block. Daily DMI (23 ± 0.6 kg), milk yield (35 ± 1.2 kg), plasma glutathione peroxidase (64 ± 4.2 U), and serum Se (0.11 ± 0.003 µg/g) were not different between treatments during the adaptation period. Serum Se77 maximum concentration and area under the curve (AUC) were not different between treatments for 72 hours following infusion, but rumen fluid Se77 AUC was higher (P = 0.02) for ORG cows. Apparent absorption (64 ± 1.3%) and retention (44 ± 1.5%) of the Se77 dose did not differ between treatments. The ORG cows had lower urinary excretion (13 vs. 17 ± 0.6%; P < 0.01), higher milk excretion (6 vs. 2 ± 0.3%; P < 0.01), and similar fecal excretion (36 ± 1.3%; P = 0.9) of Se77 compared to INO cows. These results indicate that ORG Se increased Se content of milk and decreased Se excretion in urine, but did not alter performance, antioxidant status, and apparent absorption and retention of Se in mid-lactation cows.

Effects of housing beef cow-calf pairs on drylot or pasture in the Midwest on production parameters and calf behavior through feedlot receiving

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan E Myerscough ◽  
Lucas T Neira ◽  
Keifer H Sexton ◽  
Lucas S Hofer ◽  
Keela M Trennepohl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Beef Cow ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
Cow Performance ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract The objectives were to analyze the effects of housing cow-calf pairs in drylots (DL) or pasture (PAST) on cow performance and reproduction as well as calf performance and behavior through feedlot receiving. Simmental × Angus (2 yr; 108/yr; 81 ± 15.3 d postpartum) spring-calving cows were stratified by age, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), and calf sex and allotted to 6 groups/yr. Groups were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: DL or PAST. Cows in DL were limit-fed at maintenance and calves had ad libitum access to the cow diet in an adjacent pen. Pairs on PAST were rotationally grazed and calves received creep ad libitum three weeks prior to weaning. On d 110 calves were fence-line weaned and behavior was observed on d 111 and 112. On d 116 calves were transported 272 kilometers to a feedlot for a 42-d receiving period. Behavior was evaluated again on d 117 and 118. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS except reproductive data which was analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure. Cows on DL had greater (P ≤ 0.01) BW and BCS at weaning. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.42) detected in reproductive data. Cows on DL had greater (P = 0.02) milk production. Calves on DL had greater BW (P ≤ 0.01) on d 55 and at weaning and greater preweaning average daily gain (ADG). There were treatment × time effects (P = 0.01) for lying and eating on d 111 and 112. More DL calves were eating in the morning and lying in the evening. More (P < 0.01) PAST calves were walking on d 111. Pasture calves vocalized more (P ≤ 0.01) on d 112. On d 117, more (P ≤ 0.05) pasture calves were lying and eating, and DL vocalized more. On d 118, treatment × time and treatment effects were detected (P ≤ 0.02) for lying and walking. More PAST calves were lying and more DL calves were walking. Drylot calves had greater (P ≤ 0.02) BW at the beginning and end of the receiving phase. Pasture calves had greater (P < 0.01) ADG and tended (P = 0.10) to have greater gain efficiency during feedlot receiving phase. In conclusion, housing cow-calf pairs in drylots improved BW, BCS, and milk production of cows but did not affect reproductive performance. Drylot calves had increased BW and ADG during the preweaning phase. Calf behavior at weaning and receiving was influenced by preweaning housing. Pasture calves had improved receiving phase ADG and feed efficiency but were still lighter than drylot calves after 42 d receiving phase.

scholarly journals Variation of Efficacy of Filtering Face Pieces Respirators over Time in a Dental Setting: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Vittorio Checchi ◽  
Marco Montevecchi ◽  
Luigi Checchi
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Linear Mixed Effect Model ◽  
Clinical Activity ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Paired Data ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Over Time

Since aerosol continuously persists in dental settings, where different procedures and patients come in succession, the use of oronasal masks is highly recommended. Among them, respirators known as Filtering Face Pieces (FFP) show a protective superiority compared to surgical masks. Even concerning respirators classified as non-reusable, it is not known how many hours of use are necessary to compromise their filtering capacity. The aim of this study is to investigate the variations of filtering capacity of an FFP2 respirator over time, in order to safely optimize the timing of its use. Five respirators were worn by the same operator during clinical activity for different usage times (8, 16, 24, 32, 40 h), and one respirator was kept unused. All respirators underwent a bacterial filtration efficacy (BFE) test. T-test for paired data with Bootstrap technique and Wilcoxon test for paired data compared BFE values of the five tested FFP2s respectively at each time, and the areas with the corresponding values of the control respirator (FFp2-F). A generalized linear mixed effect model (GLM) was applied considering type of respirator and time as fixed effects and intercept as random effect. No significant statistical differences were present in the BFE of each time. Data obtained by the present study highlight the important ability of FFP2s to maintain their BFE over time, suggesting a long lasting protective function.

scholarly journals The impact of porcine spray-dried plasma protein and dried egg protein harvested from hyper-immunized hens, provided in the presence or absence of subtherapeutic levels of antibiotics in the feed, on growth and indicators of intestinal function and physiology of nursery pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh A Ruckman ◽  
Amy L Petry ◽  
Stacie A Gould ◽  
John F Patience
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Egg Protein ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Spray Dried

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to compare the effects of spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP) and dried egg protein (DEP), without (AB−) or with (AB+) in-feed antibiotics, on growth performance and markers of intestinal health in nursery pigs raised in commercial conditions. This 42-d experiment utilized 1,230 pigs (4.93 ± 0.04 kg body weight; approximately 15–18 d of age). Pigs were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments that were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial of in-feed antibiotics (AB− vs. AB+) and a specialty protein additive (none [CON], porcine SDPP, or DEP). Diets were fed in four phases with phases 3 and 4 as a common diet across all treatments. Specialty protein additives were fed in phases 1 (0–13 d; 3% SDPP, and 0.20% DEP) and 2 (13–26 d; 2% SDPP, and 0.10% DEP). Antibiotics were fed in phases 1–3 (662 mg chlortetracycline [CTC]/kg, 28 mg carbadox/kg, and 441 mg CTC/kg, respectively). Ileal tissue and blood samples were collected from 48 pigs (8 per treatment) on d 20. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (9.4) with pen as the experimental unit; protein additives, antibiotics, and their interaction were fixed effects and block was a random effect. The pigs experienced naturally occurring health challenges in weeks 2 and 4. In the AB− diets, SDPP and DEP increased average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.036) and average daily feed intake (ADFI; P = 0.040) compared to CON; in the AB+ diets, neither SDPP nor DEP increased ADG or ADFI compared to CON but SDPP did increase these parameters over DEP. The SDPP and DEP diets decreased the number of individual medical treatments compared to CON (P = 0.001). The AB+ increased ileal mucosal interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (P = 0.017). Feeding DEP reduced the concentration of mucosal IL-1β compared to CON, but not SDPP (P = 0.022). There was a trend for SDPP and DEP to increase villus height:crypt depth compared to CON (P = 0.066). Neither antibiotics or protein additive affected serum malondialdehyde concentration or ileal mRNA abundance of claudin-3 or 4, occludin, or zonula occludens-1 (P > 0.10). In conclusion, SDPP and DEP improved growth performance of weaned pigs in the absence of antibiotics but neither improved growth compared to CON when feeding standard antibiotic levels. The specialty proteins had a positive effect on health; specialty proteins and antibiotics were able to modulate some markers of intestinal inflammation and morphology.

scholarly journals 214 Effects of Reducing Digestible Lysine and Tryptophan to Lysine Ratio on Growth Performance of Grow-finish Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 82-83
Author(s):  
Andres Tolosa Russi ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
Jordan T Gebhardt ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Control Regimen ◽  
Plant Closures ◽  
Quadratic Effects

Abstract Due to packing plant closures or slow-downs, many producers needed to examine ways to reduce average daily gain (ADG) of finishing pigs. Therefore, a total of 1,080 pigs (L337 × 1050, PIC; initially 32.0 kg) were used in a 119-d trial to evaluate the effects of reducing dietary standardized ileal digestibility (SID) Lys and SID Trp:Lys ratio to slow growth of finishing pigs in a commercial setting. Pigs were randomly allotted in weight blocks to 1 of 4 dietary regimens with 27 pigs/pen and 10 replications/regimen. Pigs were fed a control regimen (100% of the estimated SID Lys requirement for pigs in this facility) formulated to contain 1.10, 1.01, 0.91, 0.83, 0.79, 0.71 and 0.67% SID Lys from 32 to 42, 42 to 51, 51 to 72, 72 to 85, 85 to 97, 97 to 112, and, 112 to 130 kg, respectively. Two other regimens contained 90 or 80% of the Lys estimate. These 3 regimes were formulated to a SID Trp:Lys ratio of 19% except for the last dietary phase that contained 17% SID Trp:Lys ratio. The fourth regimen contained 80% of the SID Lys estimate with 16% SID Trp:Lys in all phases. The statistical model included fixed effects of treatment, random effect of block, linear and quadratic effects of SID Lys and pairwise comparison of the two 80% treatments. Overall, decreasing SID Lys decreased (linear, P < 0.01) ADG and final body weight (BW) and tended (P < 0.10) to decrease gain:feed ratio (G:F). Reducing the Trp:Lys ratio decreased (P = 0.014) ADG and final BW compared to pigs fed diets with 80% SID Lys with higher SID Trp:Lys. In summary, decreasing SID Lys reduced ADG and feeding a reduced SID Trp:Lys ratio resulted in a further decrease in ADG of grow-finish pigs.

scholarly journals Effects of Bismuth Subsalicylate and Encapsulated Calcium-Ammonium Nitrate on Feedlot Beef Cattle Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian E Mejia-Turcios ◽  
Andrea M Osorio ◽  
Francine M Ciriaco ◽  
Phil M Urso ◽  
Rafael C Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Bismuth Subsalicylate

Abstract Two experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) and calcium-ammonium nitrate (CAN) on in vitro ruminal fermentation, growth, apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients, liver mineral concentration, and carcass quality of beef cattle. In Exp. 1, 4 ruminally cannulated steers [520 ± 30 kg body weight (BW)] were used as donors to perform a batch culture and an in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) procedure. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with factors being BSS [0 or 0.33% of substrate dry matter (DM)] and CAN (0 or 2.22% of substrate DM). In Exp. 2, 200 Angus-crossbred steers (385 ± 27 kg BW) were blocked by BW and allocated to 50 pens (4 steers/pen) in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors included BSS (0 or 0.33% of the diet DM) and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) source [urea or encapsulated CAN (eCAN) included at 0.68 or 2.0% of the diet, respectively] with 0.28% ruminally available S (RAS). A low S diet was included as a positive control containing urea (0.68% of DM) and 0.14% RAS. For Exp. 1, data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effects of BSS, CAN, BSS × CAN, and the random effect of donor. For Exp. 2, the MIXED procedure of SAS was used for continuous variables and the GLIMMIX procedure for categorical data. For Exp. 1, no differences (P > 0.230) were observed for IVOMD. There was a tendency (P = 0.055) for an interaction regarding H2S production. Acetate:propionate increased (P = 0.003) with the addition of CAN. In Exp. 2, there was a NPN source effect (P = 0.032) where steers consuming urea had greater carcass-adjusted final shrunk BW than those consuming eCAN. Intake of DM (P < 0.001) and carcass-adjusted average daily gain (P = 0.024) were reduced by eCAN; however, it did not affect (P = 0.650) carcass-adjusted feed efficiency. Steers consuming urea had greater (P = 0.032) hot carcass weight, and a BSS × NPN interaction (P = 0.019) was observed on calculated yield grade. Apparent absorption of S decreased (P < 0.001) with the addition of BSS. Final liver Cu concentration was reduced (P = 0.042) by 58% in cattle fed BSS, indicating that BSS may decrease Cu absorption and storage in the liver. The results observed in this experiment indicate that BSS does not have negative effects on feedlot steer performance whereas CAN may hinder performance of steers fed finishing diets.

scholarly journals Grouping of breeding rabbit does at different time points: effects on fertility, mortality and weight

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Michèle Braconnier ◽  
Chiara Munari ◽  
Yamenah Gómez ◽  
Sabine Gebhardt-Henrich
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Group Housing ◽  
Semi Group ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Time Point

<p>Semi-group housing in breeding does has been shown to reduce production and breeding success in comparison to single-housed animals. One reason for this reduction could be stress and aggression when grouping does only 2 d after artificial insemination. The aim of this study was to test different time points of grouping on fertility of does, body weight of both kits and does, and mortality rates. Hence, does were separated and housed individually one day before giving birth to their kits. The does were then artificially inseminated on day 10 postpartum (dpp) and regrouped according to the treatment (time point) on 12 (TG12), 18 (TG18), or 22 (TG22) dpp, respectively. In total, five trials with three groups pertaining to the three treatments (eight does per treatment group) were conducted. Non-pregnant does were replaced with pregnant does before each new trial (57 different does needed). Data were analysed with (generalised) linear mixed effect models and survival analysis. There were no significant differences in fertility, body weight<br />or mortality of does among the treatments. The average fertility rate (number of kindling events/number of artificial inseminations×100) was low (40.92%) and seasonal effects may have partially masked treatment effects, as most trials took place during winter. Likewise, the survival rate of kits was not influenced by the treatment (survival test: χ<sup>2</sup>=2.3, df = 2, <em>P</em> = 0.3). Body weight of the kits was also not affected by the time point of grouping (average weight: 447.70±46.42 g (TG12), 452.20±55.30 g (TG18) and 460.06±89.23 g (TG22); <em>P</em> = 0.33). In conclusion, grouping does at a later time point in the reproductive cycle did not show any significant improvement in the breeding or productive success in a Swiss semi-group housing system. An elongated separation from conspecifics did not enhance the welfare of semi-group housed rabbits.</p>

scholarly journals Effect of bupivacaine liposome suspension administered as a local anesthetic block on indicators of pain and distress during and after surgical castration in dairy calves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam S Martin ◽  
Michael D Kleinhenz ◽  
Abbie V Viscardi ◽  
Andrew K Curtis ◽  
Blaine T Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Nerve Blocks ◽  
Liposome Suspension ◽  
Long Acting

Abstract Castration is a routine procedure performed on beef and dairy operations in the U.S. All methods of castration cause behavioral, physiologic, and neuroendocrine changes associated with pain. The American Veterinary Medical Association and the American Association of Bovine Practitioners recommend that anesthesia and analgesia be administered at castration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of bupivacaine liposome suspension a novel, long-acting, local anesthetic administered as a nerve block at castration. The authors chose to investigate this novel formulation as an alternative to current industry standards using lidocaine nerve blocks alone, or in combination with meloxicam. Thirty male Holstein calves, 16-20 weeks of age, were enrolled and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups prior to surgical castration: 1) bupivacaine liposome suspension block + oral placebo (BUP); 2) lidocaine block + oral placebo (LID); 3) lidocaine block + oral meloxicam (1 mg/kg) (LID + MEL); and 4) saline block + oral placebo (CON). Biomarkers were collected at -24 h and from 0 to 120 hours post-castration and included infrared thermography, pressure mat gait analysis, chute defense and behavior scoring (pain and activity), and blood sampling for serum cortisol and prostaglandin E2 metabolites (PGEM). Responses were analyzed using repeated measures, with calf nested in treatment as a random effect, and treatment, time, and their interaction designated as fixed effects. Results from pressure mat gait analysis show the CON had a shorter front limb stance time from baseline (-8.73%; 95% CI: -24.84 to 7.37%) compared to BUP and LID + MEL (&gt; 5.70%; 95% CI: -22.91 to 23.79%) (P &lt; 0.03). The CON tended to have an increase in front limb force from baseline (6.31%; 95% CI: -1.79 to 14.41%) compared to BUP, LID, and LID + MEL (&lt; -5.06%; 95% CI: -14.22 to 0.95%) (P &lt; 0.04). The CON displayed higher counts of hunched standing (2.00; 95% CI: 1.68 to 2.32) compared to LID + MEL (1.43; 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.72) (P = 0.05). The CON had higher cortisol concentrations at 24 h (7.70 ng/mL; 95% CI: 1.52 to 13.87 ng/mL) relative to BUP (3.11 ng/mL; 95% CI: -2.56 to 8.79 ng/mL) (P = 0.002). At 4 and 24 h, LID + MEL had lower PGEM concentrations from baseline (-32.42% and -47.84%; 95% CI: -78.45 to -1.80%) compared with CON (27.86% and 47.63%; 95% CI: 7.49 to 82.98%) (P &lt; 0.02). Administration of bupivacaine liposome suspension as a local anesthetic block at the time of castration was as effective at controlling pain as a multi-modal approach of lidocaine and meloxicam.

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