scholarly journals How Efficient Is Fertilization by Traumatic Insemination in Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)?

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1618-1622
Author(s):  
Henry E Vacacela Ajila ◽  
J P Michaud ◽  
Ahmed H Abdelwahab ◽  
Sara V Kuchta ◽  
Hannah E Stowe
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Ephestia Kuehniella ◽  
Orius Insidiosus ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Egg Fertility ◽  
Significant Mortality

Abstract Traumatic insemination (TI) can be injurious to females, and females have evolved various paragenital structures to mitigate these impacts. We examined the mating behavior of Orius insidiosus (Say) and the consequences of single and double matings for female fitness. A total of 100 virgin females (4–6-d old) were directly observed while they mated with virgin males. Some of these females were mated a second time with a different, nonvirgin male 3–5 d later, after they oviposited in sunflower stems. Females were held in isolation, fed eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, and reproductive success was tracked for 30 d. Six females died during their first copulation (6%), and another within 48 h, without laying eggs. Four percent of the females died during their second copulations. Copulations lasting less than 90 s usually did not result in successful fertilization, and duration of copula was positively correlated with egg fertility in singly-mated females. Duration of copula was more than halved in second matings, twice as variable, and negatively correlated with 30 d fecundity. Thirty-seven percent of singly-mated females and 31% of twice-mated females were infertile, with fewer than half of all females producing 88% of all eggs. We conclude that O. insidiosus females are likely monandrous in the wild, and that TI in this species is inefficient, contributing to high variation in female fitness. Thus, mating involves a significant mortality risk for females, despite their possession of complex paragenital structures that ostensibly mitigate copulatory injury.

Paddlefish: Ecological, Aquacultural, and Regulatory Challenges of Managing a Global Resource

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
First Year ◽  
Side Channel ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Successful Recruitment ◽  
Class Strength ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Key Features

<i>Abstract</i>.—Inadequate recruitment is a concern in many stocks of Paddlefish <i>Polyodon spathula</i>. Despite the importance of maintaining adequate recruitment, little understanding exists of specific recruitment factors and mechanisms. In this chapter we review and synthesize the results of the relatively few studies and observations of Paddlefish reproduction and recruitment and the factors potentially responsible for observed variations. Comparisons are made with studies on sturgeons. Although Paddlefish and sturgeon show many anatomical, life history, and behavioral similarities, some key features of Paddlefish differing from other Acipenseriform species are lifelong zooplanktivory, filter feeding, midwater foraging behaviors, and lack of armoring. Data from both sturgeon and Paddlefish show higher reproductive success associated with higher river discharge; greater Paddlefish reproductive success in some adfluvial populations has also been linked to increasing and high reservoir levels. Whereas several sturgeon studies suggest that recruitment (and year-class strength) are determined within 2–3 months of hatching, results from Paddlefish suggest that year-class strength may be determined later in their first year or in their second year. Observations and field results lead to the hypothesis that young Paddlefish must grow fast in their first and early second years of life to reach a size where they can successfully overwinter, avoid predation from piscivorous fishes and birds, and recruit. Support for this grow-fast-or-be-eaten hypothesis comes from several sources, both indirect (e.g., the relation between fish length and rostrum length) and direct (higher survival of larger fish released and higher lipids in age-0 fish in years of good recruitment). However, more research is needed to adequately test this hypothesis. Paddlefish rearing habitat changes include river-backwater and side-channel sedimentation, reservoir sedimentation and aging, and threats from increased native and nonnative predator populations. Managers of Paddlefish will need a more detailed understanding of the habitat conditions needed for successful recruitment in the wild.

scholarly journals Brief Mating Behavior at Dawn and Dusk and Long Nocturnal Matings in the Butterfly Melanitis leda

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 138-147
Author(s):  
Freerk Molleman ◽  
Sridhar Halali ◽  
Ullasa Kodandaramaiah
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Mating Behavior ◽  
South India ◽  
Territorial Defense ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Male Territoriality ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Common ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Information on the mating system of an insect species is necessary to gain insight into sexual selection and population structure. Male territoriality of the common evening brown butterfly Melanitis leda has been studied in the wild, but other aspects of its mating system remain largely unknown. For a population of M. leda in South India, we observed male-male and male-female interactions in captivity, measured mating duration and spermatophore mass, and also determined the degree of polyandry in the wild. We found that mating behavior takes place for short periods of time around dawn and dusk. Our observations corroborate that males compete in aerial combats (twirling) and interfere with mating pairs. In the morning, they may use shivering to warm up. Females can twirl with males and refuse mating by pointing their abdomens upwards or by flying away. Males court females by fluttering their wings while perched behind females, and then initiate copulation by curling their abdomens ca. 180 degrees sideways to make genital contact. While in the morning, matings lasted on average one hour and twenty-three minutes and never exceeded three hours, in the evening, matings could be of similar duration, but 42% of butterflies only separated when dawn was approaching. However, such long nocturnal matings did not result in heavier spermatophores. The first spermatophore of a male tended to be larger than subsequent spermatophores. Together with previous studies on this species, our findings suggest that males compete mainly through territorial defense (as reported before), courtship performance, and interference, and to a lesser extent by providing spermatophores, while females exert some control over the mating system by the timing of their receptivity and mate choice.

scholarly journals Do metrics of sexual selection conform to Bateman's principles in a wind-pollinated plant?

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1905) ◽  
pp. 20190532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne Tonnabel ◽  
Patrice David ◽  
John R. Pannell
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Pollen Dispersal ◽  
Male Fitness ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Dioecious Plant ◽  
Common Gardens ◽  
Mate Acquisition ◽  
Mercurialis Annua

Bateman's principles posit that male fitness varies more, and relies more on mate acquisition, than female fitness. While Bateman's principles should apply to any organism producing gametes of variable sizes, their application to plants is potentially complicated by the high levels of polyandry suspected for plants, and by variation in the spatial distribution of prospective mates. Here we quantify the intensity of sexual selection by classical Bateman metrics using two common gardens of the wind-pollinated dioecious plant Mercurialis annua . Consistent with Bateman's principles, males displayed significantly positive Bateman gradients (a regression of fitness on mate number), whereas the reproductive success of females was independent of their ability to access mates. A large part of male fitness was explained by their mate number, which in turn was associated with males' abilities to disperse pollen. Our results suggest that sexual selection can act in plant species in much the same way as in many animals, increasing the number of mates through traits that promote pollen dispersal.

Mating behavior of Abdopus aculeatus (d’Orbigny 1834) (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) in the wild

2008 ◽  
Vol 154 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine L. Huffard ◽  
Roy L. Caldwell ◽  
Farnis Boneka
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behavior ◽  
In The Wild

Effects of Various Insecticide Residues in Cotton on Gender and Developmental Stage of the Insidious Flower Bug (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn E. Studebaker ◽  
Timothy J. Kring
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Orius Insidiosus ◽  
Emamectin Benzoate ◽  
Lower Survival ◽  
Insecticide Residues ◽  
Cotton Plants ◽  
Important Predator ◽  
Significant Mortality ◽  
Insidious Flower Bug

Orius insidiosus (Say) is an important predator of several economic pests in cotton. Laboratory-reared males, females and third-instar nymphs were exposed to field residues of nine insecticides applied to cotton plants. Insects were caged for 24 h and then removed to determine mortality from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 7-day-old insecticide residues. Insecticides and rates (kg ai/ha) tested were spinosad (0.09, 0.199), indoxacarb (0.78, 0.123), imidacloprid (0.027, 0.053), tebufenozide (0.14, 0.28), methoxyfenozide (0.28, 0.84), abamectin (0.01, 0.02), emamectin benzoate (0.005, 0.01), fipronil (0.042, 0.056), and λ-cyhalothrin (0.014, 0.028). Fipronil and λ-cyhalothrin were the most toxic, causing a significant reduction in survival (up to 3-day-old residues). Abamectin and emamectin benzoate caused significant mortality in predators exposed shortly after application, but survival tended to increase as residues aged. Imidacloprid and indoxacarb were intermediate, causing approximately 50% mortality in this insect. Survival was good in all treatments with 7-day-old residues with the exception of λ-cyhalothrin. Males tended to by more sensitive with lower survival than females.

Which treatment options impact outcomes in elderly chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with high prevalence of comorbidity?

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 7016-7016
Author(s):  
Sacha Satram-Hoang ◽  
Carolina M. Reyes ◽  
Khang Hoang ◽  
Fayez Momin ◽  
Sridhar Guduru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Analysis ◽  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Medicare Part ◽  
Time Period ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Significant Mortality

7016 Background: Therapy selection in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients is based on disease severity as well as patient characteristics such as age and comorbidity. While treatment outcomes are mostly available from clinical trial data in younger patients, less is known about the effect of comorbidities on outcomes in elderly CLL patients in the real-world setting. Methods: The linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database was utilized in this retrospective cohort analysis of 3,366 first primary CLL patients. Patients were diagnosed between 1/1/1998-12/31/2007, were >66 years, continuously enrolled in Medicare Part A and B with no HMO coverage in the year prior to diagnosis and received first-line treatment with any oral or infused therapy. CLB is covered by Medicare Part D and data for its use were only available from 2007-2009 in the dataset. Cox regression with backward elimination and propensity score weighted Cox regression estimated the relative risk of death. Date of last follow-up was 12/31/2009. Results: There were 153 CLB, 606 R-mono, 702 R+IV Chemo, and 1,905 IV Chemo-only patients. CLB and R-mono patients were older at diagnosis with mean age of 77 compared to R+IV Chemo (73 years) and IV Chemo-only (76 years; p<.0001). Patients administered R-mono had a higher comorbidity burden and more advanced disease compared with other treatment groups. In the survival analysis we compared CLB to R-mono during the time period 2007-2009 and R+IV Chemo to IV Chemo-only during the time period 1998-2009. The adjusted multivariate survival analysis revealed a significant mortality risk reduction with R+IV Chemo compared with IV Chemo-only patients (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.62-0.84) while a non-significant mortality risk reduction was noted with R-mono compared to CLB patients (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.21-1.05). Older age and increasing comorbidity score were significantly associated with higher mortality. Conclusions: These findings suggest that chemo-immunotherapy is more effective than chemotherapy in an elderly population with a high prevalence of comorbidity. This extends the conclusions from clinical trials in younger, medically fit patients.

scholarly journals The Mutual Impact of Smoking and Low Cholesterol on All-Cause, Non-Cardiovascular, and Cardiovascular Mortalities in Males

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2128-2135
Author(s):  
Nader Parsa ◽  
Samira Taravatmanesh ◽  
Maurizio Trevisan ◽  
Pari Mahlagha Zaheri
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Protective Association ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
Low Cholesterol ◽  
Risk Association ◽  
Significant Mortality

The aim of the current study was to examine the possible relationship between the mutual effects of smoking and low cholesterol on all-cause, non-cardiovascular, and cardiovascular mortalities in males. This is a prospective cohort study of 30,179 males sampled from the Risk Factors and Life Expectancy (RIFLE) studies in the Italian population. The RIFLE data are from 19 different large-scale studies over a 9.5-year follow-up period. The Cox Proportional Hazard model was applied to analyze the data. The associations are presented as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Cholesterol data were reported in categories. There were significant mortality risk mutual associations for never-smokers and those in the low cholesterol category (<160 mg/dl) for all-cause (HR = 3.13, 95% CI [1.69, 5.80]), and non-cardiovascular disease (CVD) (HR = 6.51, 95% CI [2.19, 19.33]) mortality in men with an insignificant risk for CVD mortality (HR = 1.90, 95% CI [0.85, 4.22]). There were significant mortality risk associations of the mutual effects of ex-smokers and low cholesterol for non-CVD in the first to third cholesterol categories (HR = 2.50, 95% CI [1.40, 4.46]; HR = 2.65, 95% CI [1.50, 4.71]; HR = 2.12, 95% CI [1.17, 3.82], respectively), but no significant findings for all-cause and CVD deaths. Furthermore, there were significant mortality risk association of mutual effects of current-smokers and low cholesterol for non-CVD (HR = 1.56, 95% CI [1.11, 2.28]) in the first category of cholesterol level, but insignificant risk associations for all-cause deaths (HR = 1.21, 95% CI [0.89, 1.66]). Interestingly, findings indicate a mutual protective association for current-smokers and low cholesterol (<160 mg/dl) for CVD risk in males (HR = 0.42, 95% CI [0.19, 0.91]). Findings of this study identified significant mortality risk association for mutual effects of never-smokers, ex-smokers, and low cholesterol for non-CVD. However, there is significant protective association for current-smokers and low cholesterol for CVD.

The influence of plant anatomy on oviposition and reproductive success of the omnivorous bug Orius insidiosus

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1495-1502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan G. Lundgren ◽  
Janet K. Fergen ◽  
Walter E. Riedell
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Plant Anatomy ◽  
Orius Insidiosus

Haemoproteusinfected birds have increased lifetime reproductive success

Parasitology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 142 (8) ◽  
pp. 1033-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. ZYLBERBERG ◽  
E. P. DERRYBERRY ◽  
C. W. BREUNER ◽  
E. A. MACDOUGALL-SHACKLETON ◽  
J. M. CORNELIUS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Host Fitness ◽  
Return Rates ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYThe impact of haematozoan infection on host fitness has received substantial attention since Hamilton and Zuk posited that parasites are important drivers of sexual selection. However, short-term studies testing the assumption that these parasites consistently reduce host fitness in the wild have produced contradictory results. To address this complex issue, we conducted a long-term study examining the relationship between naturally occurring infection withHaemoproteusandPlasmodium, and lifetime reproductive success and survival of Mountain White-crowned Sparrows. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that birds infected with haematozoan parasites have reduced survival (as determined by overwinter return rates) and reproductive success. Contrary to expectation, there was no relationship betweenHaemoproteusandPlasmodiuminfection and reproduction or survival in males, nor was there a relationship betweenPlasmodiuminfection and reproduction in females. Interestingly,Haemoproteus-infected females had significantly higher overwinter return rates and these females fledged more than twice as many chicks during their lifetimes as did uninfected females. We discuss the impact of parasitic infections on host fitness in light of these findings and suggest that, in the case of less virulent pathogens, investment in excessive immune defence may decrease lifetime reproduction.

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