scholarly journals Wage Equalization and Regional Misallocation: Evidence from Italian and German Provinces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tito Boeri ◽  
Andrea Ichino ◽  
Enrico Moretti ◽  
Johanna Posch
Keyword(s):  
Wage Bargaining ◽  
Spatial Equilibrium ◽  
The South ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Wage Differences ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Flexible System ◽  
The North ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Italy and Germany have similar geographical differences in firm productivity – with the North more productive than the South in Italy and the West more productive than the East in Germany – but have adopted different models of wage bargaining. Italy sets wages based on nationwide contracts that allow for limited local wage adjustments, while Germany has moved toward a more flexible system that allows for local bargaining. We find that Italy exhibits limited geographical wage differences in nominal terms and almost no relationship between local productivity and local nominal wages, while Germany has larger geographic wage differences and a tighter link between local wages and local productivity. As a consequence, in Italy, low productivity provinces have higher non-employment rates than high productivity provinces, because employers cannot lower wages, while in Germany the relationship between non-employment and productivity is significantly weaker. We conclude that the Italian system has significant costs in terms of forgone aggregate earnings and employment because it generates a spatial equilibrium where workers queue for jobs in the South and remain unemployed while waiting. If Italy adopted the German system, aggregate employment and earnings would increase by 11.04% and 7.45%, respectively. Our findings are relevant for other European countries.

scholarly journals HA NOI – HUE – SAI GON IN TERRITORY EXPANSION TOWARD THE SOUTH AND UNIFICATION OF THE COUNTRY (1069–1802)

2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (6E) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Nguyễn Quang Ngọc
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Early History ◽  
Mutual Support ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Imperial Capital ◽  
The Relationship

Vietnam is a country of an early history establishment with three archaeological centres: Dong Son in the North, Sa Huynh in the Central, and Oc Eo in the South. In the long history, these three centres unite and gather into a unified block, step by step, becoming a mainstream development trend. By the eleventh century, Thang Long capital (Hanoi) is a typical representative, the starting point for the course of advancement to the South of the Vietnamese. Later, Phu Xuan (Hue) from the fourteenth century and Gia Dinh (Saigon) from the seventeenth century directly multiply resources, deciding the success of the course of territory expansion and determining the southern territory of the nation Dai Viet – Vietnam in the middle of the eighteenth century. The Tay Son movement at the end of the eighteenth century starts unifying the country, but the course is not completed with numerous limitations. The mission of unifying the whole country is assigned back to Nguyen Anh. Nguyen Anh continually builds Gia Dinh into a firm basement for proceeding to conquer the imperial capital of Hue and the citadel Thang Long, completing the 733-year journey to expand the southern territory (1069–1802) and unifying the whole country into a single unit. Hanoi – Hue – Saigon in the relationship and mutual support has become the three pillars that determine all successes throughout the long history and in each stage of expansion and shaping of territory and unification of the country.

scholarly journals On the spatial segregation of helicity by inertial waves in dynamo simulations and planetary cores

2018 ◽  
Vol 851 ◽  
pp. 268-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Davidson ◽  
A. Ranjan
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Inertial Waves ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Planetary Cores ◽  
Local Wave ◽  
Wave Flux ◽  
The Relationship

The distribution of kinetic helicity in a dipolar planetary dynamo is central to the success of that dynamo. Motivated by the helicity distributions observed in numerical simulations of the Earth’s dynamo, we consider the relationship between the kinetic helicity, $h=\boldsymbol{u}\boldsymbol{\cdot }\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}\times \boldsymbol{u}$, and the buoyancy field that acts as a source of helicity, where $\boldsymbol{u}$ is velocity. We show that, in the absence of a magnetic field, helicity evolves in accordance with the equation $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}h/\unicode[STIX]{x2202}t=-\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}\boldsymbol{\cdot }\boldsymbol{F}+S_{h}$, where the flux, $\boldsymbol{F}$, represents the transport of helicity by inertial waves, and the helicity source, $S_{h}$, involves the product of the buoyancy and the velocity fields. In the numerical simulations it is observed that the helicity outside the tangent cylinder is predominantly negative in the north and positive in the south, a feature which the authors had previously attributed to the transport of helicity by waves (Davidson & Ranjan, Geophys. J. Intl, vol. 202, 2015, pp. 1646–1662). It is also observed that there is a strong spatial correlation between the distribution of $h$ and of $S_{h}$, with $S_{h}$ also predominantly negative in the north and positive in the south. This correlation tentatively suggests that it is the in situ generation of helicity by buoyancy that establishes the distribution of $h$ outside the tangent cylinder, rather than the dispersal of helicity by waves, as had been previously argued by the authors. However, although $h$ and $S_{h}$ are strongly correlated, there is no such correlation between $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}h/\unicode[STIX]{x2202}t$ and $S_{h}$, as might be expected if the distribution of $h$ were established by an in situ generation mechanism. We explain these various observations by showing that inertial waves interact with the buoyancy field in such a way as to induce a source $S_{h}$ which has the same sign as the helicity in the local wave flux, and that the sign of $h$ is simply determined by the direction of that flux. We conclude that the observed distributions of $h$ and $S_{h}$ outside the tangent cylinder are consistent with the transport of helicity by waves.

Buddhism in the history of China in Southern and Northern kingdoms

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-4) ◽  
pp. 216-225
Author(s):  
Leonid Yangutov ◽  
Marina Orbodoeva
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eastern Jin ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Further Development ◽  
North And South

The article is devoted to the history of Buddhism in China during the period of the Southern and Northern Kingdoms (Nanbeichao, 386-589). The features of the development of Buddhism in the North and South are shown. Three aspects were identified: 1) the attitude of emperors of kingdoms to Buddhism; 2) the relationship of the state apparatus and the Buddhist sangha; 3) the process of further development of Buddhism in China in the context of its adaptation to the Chinese mentality, formed on the basis of the traditional worldview. It was revealed that Buddhism in the context of its adaptation to the Chinese mentality, both in the North and in the South, developed with the traditions of Buddhism of the Eastern Jin period to the same extent.

Impact of Agriculture Upon the Chemical Quality of Groundwaters within the Saharian Atlas Steppe El-Meita (Khenchela-Algeria)

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 420-423
Author(s):  
Abdenour Sedrati ◽  
Belgacem Houha ◽  
Gheorghe Romanescu ◽  
Ioan Gabriel Sandu ◽  
Daniel Constantin Diaconu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Elements ◽  
World Health ◽  
The South ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
The North ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Major Chemical ◽  
Health Organization

The El-Meita plateau is situated in the south of the city of Khenchela and it is delimited by the Saharan Atlas to the north and Chott Melghir to the south. The agricultural importance and the high productivity of this region are provided by the aggressive use of chemical fertilizers. For this reason, we have decided to conduct this study, considering that all water bodies � superficial waters and groundwaters � record significant amounts of NO3-, NO2-, NH4-, heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Hg) and other major chemical elements. The campaign of collecting the 30 water samples took place in the month of May 2016. The chemical analyses were conducted in the Lacip ain-Mlila laboratory in Algeria. Findings show a contamination of groundwater by nitrates and lead; values exceed the maximum limits approved by World Health Organization (WHO). TDS were also found in high concentrations, which limit the use of water for some agricultural cultures, but which can be admissible for certain salinity-resistant species.

Black Migration, White Flight

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Platt Boustan
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Highway Construction ◽  
White Flight ◽  
World War ◽  
The South ◽  
Black Migration ◽  
The North ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This chapter presents new causal evidence on the relationship between black arrivals to cities and white departures, a trend referred to as “white flight.” The simultaneity of black in-migration from the South and white relocation to the suburbs, both of which peaked from 1940 to 1970, suggests that the two population flows may be related. This chapter uses variation in the timing of black in-migration to the seventy largest cities in the North and West to distinguish white flight from other causes of suburbanization. It argues that while white suburbanization was primarily motivated by economic forces, including rising incomes, new highway construction, and the falling cost of credit in the decades after World War II, white departures from the city were also, in part, a reaction to black in-migration.

Marriage Litigation in the Western Church, 1215–1517

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang P. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The South ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Church Courts ◽  
The North ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

From the establishment of a coherent doctrine on sacramental marriage to the eve of the Reformation, late medieval church courts were used for marriage cases in a variety of ways. Ranging widely across Western Europe, including the Upper and Lower Rhine regions, England, Italy, Catalonia, and Castile, this study explores the stark discrepancies in practice between the North of Europe and the South. Wolfgang P. Müller draws attention to the existence of public penitential proceedings in the North and their absence in the South, and explains the difference in demand, as well as highlighting variations in how individuals obtained written documentation of their marital status. Integrating legal and theological perspectives on marriage with late medieval social history, Müller addresses critical questions around the relationship between the church and medieval marriage, and what this reveals about both institutions.

Recognition and paleoclimatic implications of late-Holocene glaciation on Mt Taranaki, North Island, New Zealand

The Holocene ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 1151-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S. Brook ◽  
Vince E. Neall ◽  
Robert B. Stewart ◽  
Rob C. Dykes ◽  
Derek L. Birks
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Southern Alps ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
The South ◽  
Mountain Glacier ◽  
Climate Fluctuations ◽  
The North ◽  
Spatial Positioning ◽  
The Relationship

Evidence for the timings of inter-hemispheric climate fluctuations during the Holocene is important, with mountain glacier moraine systems routinely used as a proxy for climate. In New Zealand such evidence for glacier expansion during the late Holocene is fragmentary and is limited to glaciers in a narrow zone within the Southern Alps. Here, we present the first evidence for late-Holocene glacier expansion on the North Island of New Zealand in the form of two unconsolidated debris ridges on the south side of the stratovolcano, Mt Taranaki/Mt Egmont, at ~1920 m a.s.l. The two ridges are aligned north–south along the western and eastern sides of a small basin (Rangitoto Flat), which is formed between the main Taranaki cone (to the north), and the parasitic cone of Fanthams Peak (to the south). The approximate age of the ridges is constrained by dated eruptive events and the relationship between ridge locations and the spatial positioning of adjacent volcanic landforms. We propose the ridges formed as two lateral moraines on the margins of a cirque glacier during the final construction phase of Fanthams Peak between 3.3 and 0.5 ka BP, during late-Holocene time. This time interval accords with published cosmogenic 10Be dating of moraine-building episodes in the Southern Alps, indicating the Mt Taranaki moraines are a response to the same regional climatic forcings.

The Identities of the Second Intermediate Period Dynasties in Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-202
Author(s):  
Bieke Mahieu
Keyword(s):  
Middle Kingdom ◽  
The South ◽  
Intermediate Period ◽  
The North ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The composition of and the relationship between the Second Intermediate Period dynasties are still unclear. The present study proposes that Egypt is united during the first half of Dynasty 13 but divided following Merneferra Ay. The Middle Kingdom wꜥrwt system is applied to this division: late Dynasty 13 rules the District of the South (centered at Itjtawy), Dynasty 15 rules the District of the North (centered at Avaris), and Dynasty 16 the District of the Head of the South (centered at Thebes). Dynasty 14 consists of a conglomeration of kinglets in the Delta contemporary with Dynasty 15. Dynasty 17 evolves from the Thinite subdistrict and takes over half of the territory of Dynasty 16, at the end of the reign of Nebiryrau I. The number of kings for each dynasty can be reconstructed on the basis of a combination of the data in Manetho and in the Turin King List.

“Trust in Providence and Keep Your Powder Dry”

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-110
Author(s):  
James P. Byrd
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
God's Will ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The North ◽  
Biblical Texts ◽  
The Relationship

Both sides finally got what they wanted in July at the First Battle of Bull Run—here was a real battle, giving both sides the chance to face off against the enemy. Here also was the first providential test of the war, the first indication of which side God would take once the fighting started. For many southerners, Bull Run (or Manassas, as southerners called the battle) confirmed their reading of God’s will; for many northerners, Bull Run stirred disillusionment and a call for of the nation to rededicate itself to God. The battle also provoked revaluations of several key biblical texts, including Exodus in the South and Romans 13 in the North, with both sides trying to tease out the relationship between the Bible and Bull Run.

Mission to the South, Words to the North: Reflections on Communication in the Church by a Northerner in the South

Exchange ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-298
Author(s):  
Jim Harries
Keyword(s):  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The South ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
Clear Communication ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
Thin Veneer

AbstractLimitations in the possibility of clear communication, even when the language in use (English) is supposedly international, form the foundation for this post-Jenkinsian view of the relationship between Southern and Northern churches today. Presented by a Northerner living in the South this perspective suggests that Northern domination of Southern Christianity (as well as of the South in general) is a threat to the Southern church. Colonial, and particularly post-colonial North/South relations aggravate corruption in the South, and promote a shallow imitation of Northern ways which forms a thin veneer over lives that are deeply rooted in magical/witchcraft worldviews. The widespread negative evaluation of Northern Christianity is here identified with a linguistic idiosyncrasy arising from the preeminence of secularism in the North. 'Southern English' makes different sense of the term 'religion'. Christianity is a way of life. Secularism is also a way of life, and it was its being omitted from Jenkins' look at the world religious scene that has given it a misleading singular status. Christianity is alive in the north, but needs a jerk to arrest its current injurious southwards impact.

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