scholarly journals Current status of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Akihito Kawazoe ◽  
Kohei Shitara ◽  
Narikazu Boku ◽  
Takaki Yoshikawa ◽  
Masanori Terashima
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Advanced Gastric Cancer ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Number Of Patients

Abstract Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) monoclonal antibodies have improved the overall survival of various types of cancers including advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Until now, two ant-PD-1 inhibitors were approved for AGC in Japan: nivolumab as third- or later-line treatment for AGC and pembrolizumab for previously treated patients with microsatellite instability-high tumours. However, a limited number of patients achieved clinical benefit, highlighting the importance of the better selection of patients or additional treatment to overcome resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. This review focused on pivotal clinical trials, biomarkers and novel combination therapy of immune checkpoint inhibitors forAGC.

scholarly journals Immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of glioblastoma: Where we are

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Bryan Lu ◽  
Senxi Du ◽  
Xiao-Tang Kong
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Current Status ◽  
History Of

Despite a history of frequent challenges and roadblocks, there has been recent excitement in the treatment of human cancer, specifically regarding the remarkable efficacy of various immune checkpoint inhibitors including programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blockers in treating metastatic melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and other malignant growths. However, treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) with immune checkpoint inhibitors so far has not been shown to be as successful in several randomized clinical trials as in other cancer with the exception of one pilot study that found promising results by neoadjuvant administration of Pembrolizimab for the treatment of recurrent GBM. Our article will review the current status of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of GBM.

scholarly journals How to Best Exploit Immunotherapeutics in Advanced Gastric Cancer: Between Biomarkers and Novel Cell-Based Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1412
Author(s):  
Michele Ghidini ◽  
Angelica Petrillo ◽  
Andrea Botticelli ◽  
Dario Trapani ◽  
Alessandro Parisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Advanced Gastric Cancer ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitor ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Clinical Implementation ◽  
T Cell Therapy ◽  
Dismal Prognosis

Despite extensive research efforts, advanced gastric cancer still has a dismal prognosis with conventional treatment options. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment landscape for many solid tumors. Amongst gastric cancer subtypes, tumors with microsatellite instability and Epstein Barr Virus positive tumors provide the strongest rationale for responding to immunotherapy. Various predictive biomarkers such as mismatch repair status, programmed death ligand 1 expression, tumor mutational burden, assessment of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and circulating biomarkers have been evaluated. However, results have been inconsistent due to different methodologies and thresholds used. Clinical implementation therefore remains a challenge. The role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in gastric cancer is emerging with data from monotherapy in the heavily pre-treated population already available and studies in earlier disease settings with different combinatorial approaches in progress. Immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations with chemotherapy (CT), anti-angiogenics, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-Her2 directed therapy, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors or dual checkpoint inhibitor strategies are being explored. Moreover, novel strategies including vaccines and CAR T cell therapy are also being trialed. Here we provide an update on predictive biomarkers for response to immunotherapy with an overview of their strengths and limitations. We discuss clinical trials that have been reported and trials in progress whilst providing an account of future steps needed to improve outcome in this lethal disease.

284 Real World Data of Sequencing Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI) after Initial ICI

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A310-A310
Author(s):  
Krishna Gunturu ◽  
Muhammad Awidi ◽  
Rojer Ranjit ◽  
Brendan Connell ◽  
Rachel Carrasquillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Real World ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
World Data

BackgroundICI revolutionized modern Oncology landscape and being utilized in metastatic to adjuvant and neo-adjuvant settings. As Oncologists, we are treating cancer patients with ICI every day, yet there is still a lot that is unknown about these drugs. We don’t have clear understanding of the efficacy and toxicity when sequencing one ICI for another. We conducted a retrospective review of real world data at Lahey Hospital and Medical Center to understand further and to pave path for prospective studies to understand this issue further to improve patient care.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed Oncology patient charts who received ICI between January1, 2014 to December 18, 2018. Total 483 patients received ICI during this time frame and 22 of these patients received a second ICI either as monotherapy or in combination with other ICI or chemotherapy.ResultsA total of 22 patients received subsequent ICI after the initial ICI as showed in table 1. 15 of the 22 (68%) patients were transitioned from one ICI to another monotherapy. 11 of these patients were transitioned secondary to disease progression (73%), three had immune related adverse events and one was switched per standard of care. One patient had ICI re-challenge. Three patients had a transition from ICI monotherapy to combination ICI therapy. One patient went onto chemo-immunotherapy and 2 patients transitioned from combination ICI to chemo-immunotherapy.Abstract 284 Table 1Real world data of sequencing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) after initial ICIConclusionsICI therapy is evolving and patients are being treated with multiple lines of ICI. In current practices, ICI is frequently being transitioned from cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) or its ligand, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) classes or combined with chemotherapy or targeted therapy. It would be prudent to explore the effects of sequencing these medications either as a monotherapy or in combination with other therapies to better serve our patients and to prevent financial toxicity.

scholarly journals Management of Hematologic Adverse Events Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Barnes Rogers, CRNP, MN, AOCN, ANP-BC ◽  
Carolyn Zawislak, MPAS, PA-C ◽  
Victoria Wong, PA-C
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Activated T Cells

Immune checkpoint inhibitors target suppressor receptors, including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). The activated T cells are not antigen specific; therefore, the blockade of the immune checkpoint may result in the development of autoimmune adverse events. The most common immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are rash, colitis, and endocrinopathies. However, irAEs that affect the hematologic system are rare and can affect red blood cells (e.g., autoimmune hemolytic anemia), white blood cells, and platelets (e.g., immune thrombocytopenia). Usually one cell line is affected; however, in some cases, multiple cell lines can be affected. Other changes in the hematologic system can also be affected (e.g., cryoglobulinemia, cytokine release syndrome). Due to the rarity and lack of recognition of these AEs, the timing, spectrum of events, and clinical presentation are poorly understood. Management of hematologic irAEs usually involves the use of steroids; however, other agents (e.g., IVIG, cyclosporine, rituximab) or procedures (e.g., plasma exchange, transfusions) can also be used.

Cancer Immunotherapy-Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Bai ◽  
Ping Liang ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Rui Feng ◽  
Jiang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Locoregional Therapy ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies, the incidence and mortality of which are increasing worldwide. Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment in recent years. In particular, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) as new therapeutic tools have demonstrated encouraging antitumor activity and manageable tolerability in HCC. Immunologic checkpoint blockade with antibodies targeting Programmed cell Death-1 (PD-1), Programmed cell Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1), and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-Associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) strengthens tumor immunity by restoring exhausted T cells. Although the efficacy of combination treatment strategies using ICIs combined with other ICIs, molecular targeted agents, systemic therapy, or locoregional therapy has been well documented in numerous preclinical and clinical studies on several types of cancers, most HCC patients do not benefit from ICI treatment. This review highlights recent developments and potential opportunities related to ICIs and their combination in the management of HCC. The present article also includes recent patent review coverage on this topic.

scholarly journals Immune Thrombocytopenia Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Solid Cancer: Case Report and Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolin Liu ◽  
Xiuju Liang ◽  
Jing Liang ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Thrombocytopenia ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Cancer Case ◽  
Solid Cancer ◽  
Severe Thrombocytopenia ◽  
Advanced Cancer Patients

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and its receptor programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), represent promising therapeutic strategies for advanced human malignancies. However, a subgroup of patients experiences various autoimmune toxicities, termed immune-related adverse events (irAEs), that occur as a result of on-target and off-tumor autoimmune responses. Although irAEs are generally confirmed to be less severe than toxicities caused by conventional chemotherapy and targeted therapy, uncommon irAEs, such as immune thrombocytopenia, may occur with a very low incidence and sometimes be severe or fatal. This review focuses on the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and prognosis of immune thrombocytopenia occurring in advanced cancer patients induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors, especially in those with PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor treatment. We also first present one patient with non-small cell lung cancer who received the PD-L1 inhibitor durvalumab and developed severe thrombocytopenia.

scholarly journals Current status of immune checkpoint inhibitors for gastric cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Kono ◽  
Shotaro Nakajima ◽  
Kosaku Mimura
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Current Status

scholarly journals Tumour Microenvironment and Immune Evasion in EGFR Addicted NSCLC: Hurdles and Possibilities

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Santaniello ◽  
Fabiana Napolitano ◽  
Alberto Servetto ◽  
Pietro De Placido ◽  
Nicola Silvestris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Nsclc Patients

In the last few years, the treatment strategy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients has been heavily modified by the introduction of the immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Anti-programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) therapy has improved both progression-free and the overall survival in almost all subgroups of patients, with or without PDL1 expression, with different degrees of responses. However, there are patients that are not benefitting from this treatment. A defined group of immune-checkpoint inhibitors non-responder tumours carry EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) mutations: nowadays, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 clinical trials often do not involve this type of patient and the use of immune-checkpoint inhibitors are under evaluation in this setting. Our review aims to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this resistance: we focused on evaluating the role of the tumour microenvironment, including infiltrating cells, cytokines, secreted factors, and angiogenesis, and its interaction with the tumour tissue. Finally, we analysed the possible role of immunotherapy in EGFR mutated tumours.

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