Assessment of Resistance to Organophosphates and Pyrethroids in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): Do Synergists Affect Mortality?

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1992-1996
Author(s):  
Natalie P Cataldo ◽  
C Suzanne Lea ◽  
Timothy Kelley ◽  
Stephanie L Richards
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Diethyl Maleate ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Time ◽  
Primary Vector ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Tributyl Phosphorotrithioate

Abstract Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary vector of Zika, dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya viruses. Insecticides used in mosquito control can help prevent the spread of vector-borne diseases. However, it is essential to determine insecticide resistance (IR) status before control measures are undertaken. Only the most effective insecticides should be used to avoid ineffective control and/or promotion of IR. Pyrethroids and organophosphates are the most commonly used insecticides for mosquito control. Here, the efficacy of two active ingredients (AIs; permethrin [pyrethroid], chlorpyrifos [organophosphate]), two formulated products (FPs; Biomist [AI: permethrin]) and (Mosquitomist [AI: chlorpyrifos]), and three synergists (piperonyl butoxide, diethyl maleate, S-S-S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate) was evaluated in two Ae. aegypti colonies (pyrethroid resistant and susceptible). Mosquitomist was most effective against the pyrethroid-resistant colony (100% mortality at diagnostic time). Pre-exposure to synergists did not increase the efficacy of AIs against the pyrethroid-resistant colony. Further research is needed to discover how synergists may affect the efficacy of insecticides when used on pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes.

General Observations on Mosquitos in relation to Yellow Fever in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

1947 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
General Survey ◽  
History Of

1. Owing to the history of yellow fever in the Sudan and the lines of communication which traverse the country, a general survey of the mosquitos, particularly the Culicines, is of practical interest. The known potential vectors of yellow fever are listed.2. Observations on the man-biting or man-ignoring habits of some species are recorded and also notes on the bionomics of Taeniorhynchus africanus, T. uniformis, Aëdes aegypti and other species.3. For purposes of description the country is divided into sub-divisions of the recognized faunal areas and notes are given on the Culicines of each.4. Brief observations are made on mosquito control measures against yellow fever.

scholarly journals Larvicidal potentiality, longevity and fecundity inhibitory activities of Bacillus sphaericus (Bs G3-IV) on vector mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjunan Nareshkumar ◽  
Kadarkarai Murugan ◽  
Indra Baruah ◽  
Pari Madhiyazhagan ◽  
Thiyagarajan Nataraj
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Bacillus Sphaericus ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Population ◽  
Intervention Measures ◽  
Vector Borne

Intervention measures to control the transmission of vector-borne diseases include control of the vector population. In mosquito control, synthetic insecticides used against both the larvae (larvicides) and adults (adulticides) create numerous problems, such as environmental pollution, insecticide resistance and toxic hazards to humans. In the present study, a bacterial pesticide,<em> Bacillus sphaericus</em> (Bs G3-IV), was used to control the dengue and filarial vectors, <em>Aedes aegypti</em> and <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em>. <em>Bacillus sphaericus </em>(Bs G3-IV) was very effective against<em> Aedes aegypti</em> and <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em>, showing significant larval mortality. Evaluated lethal concentrations (LC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>90</sub>) were age-dependent, with early instars requiring a lower concentration compared with later stages of mosquitoes. <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em> was more susceptible to <em>Bacillus sphaericus</em> (Bs G3-IV) than was <em>Aedes aegypti</em>. Fecundity rate was highly reduced after treatment with different concentrations of <em>Bacillus sphaericus</em> (Bs G3-IV). Larval and pupal longevity both decreased after treatment with <em>Bacillus sphaericus</em> (Bs G3-IV), total number of days was lower in the <em>B. sphaericus</em> treatments compared with the control. Our results show the bacterial pesticide <em>Bacillus sphaericus </em>(Bs G3-IV) to be an effective mosquito control agent that can be used for more integrated pest management programs.

A Method of transporting living Mosquito Larvae

1942 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-228
Author(s):  
D. J. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
East African ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
North East ◽  
The Common ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
Ethiopian Region

Outbreaks of yellow fever in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and Uganda in 1940 emphasised the necessity for the mosquito control measures which are in force to prevent the disease from reaching Egypt or the East African ports. Edwards (1941, Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region, III, p. 3), referring to yellow fever, states that “ it would seem that most of the common biting mosquitoes of West Africa are to be regarded as potentially dangerous.” This statement applies also to north-east Africa. For the further planning of control measures, more information is required as to which mosquitos can act as vectors. Transmission experiments can usually be carried out only in a few specially equipped laboratories, so that mosquitos must sometimes be transported over great distances. A convenient method of doing this is to carry several thousands of living larvae which can provide a supply of adults for experiments. The writer has, for several years, used the simple method described below and found it effective in the hot dry climate of the northern Sudan. Recently it proved useful for sending larvae of species of Aëdes to the Yellow Fever Reseaich Institute at Entebbe.Larvae are stranded on a wet surface in a cool damp atmosphere and can be carried under these conditions for many hours or even several days. Perforated trays are made from the metal of petrol tins as shown in Fig. 1. A piece of cloth 44 cm. square is laid over each tray and tied underneath it. Water containing the larvae is poured into the tray and drains away, leaving the larvae stranded. A metal cross-piece laid on the tray serves to support another tray above it. Eight trays can be placed in a four gallon petrol tin which is then closed with a lid. In hot weather a wet towel may be wrapped round the tin.

scholarly journals Dengue and Chikungunya Fever: Oral Manifestations

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 141-143
Author(s):  
Indrajeet Singh ◽  
Naresh Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Oral Manifestations ◽  
Female Mosquito ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne

The vector borne diseases of dengue and chikungunya mainly affect the African and South Asian countries. Its prevalence increases in the summer and monsoon seasons due to an  increase in breeding sites and External Incubation Period (EIP) of the virus. Primarily caused by an infectious bite of the Aedes aegypti female mosquito, this disease has a variety of systemic signs and symptoms. However, the oral manifesatations might be ignored. This review aims to enlightens the healthcare researchers with knowledge regarding the oral manifestations of dengue and chikungunya.

scholarly journals Regulation of midgut cell proliferation impacts Aedes aegypti susceptibility to dengue virus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mabel L. Taracena ◽  
Vanessa Bottino-Rojas ◽  
Octavio A.C. Talyuli ◽  
Ana Beatriz Walter-Nuno ◽  
José Henrique M. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Denv Infection ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Midgut Cell ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Vector Borne

AbstractAedes aegypti is the vector of some of the most important vector-borne diseases like Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika and Yellow fever, affecting millions of people worldwide. The cellular processes that follow a blood meal in the mosquito midgut are directly associated with pathogen transmission. We studied the homeostatic response of the midgut against oxidative stress, as well as bacterial and dengue virus (DENV) infections, focusing on the proliferative ability of the intestinal stem cells (ISC). Inhibition of the peritrophic matrix (PM) formation led to an increase in ROS production by the epithelial cells in response to contact with the resident microbiota, suggesting that maintenance of low levels of ROS in the intestinal lumen is key to keep ISCs division in balance. We show that dengue virus infection induces midgut cell division in both DENV susceptible (Rockefeller) and refractory (Orlando) mosquito strains. However, the susceptible strain delays the activation of the regeneration process compared with the refractory strain. Impairment of the Delta/Notch signaling, by silencing the Notch ligand Delta using RNAi, significantly increased the susceptibility of the refractory strains to DENV infection of the midgut. We propose that this cell replenishment is essential to control viral infection in the mosquito. Our study demonstrates that the intestinal epithelium of the blood fed mosquito is able to respond and defend against different challenges, including virus infection. In addition, we provide unprecedented evidence that the activation of a cellular regenerative program in the midgut is important for the determination of the mosquito vectorial competence.

scholarly journals Endoparasites and vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Greek islands: pathogen distribution and zoonotic implications

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Diakou ◽  
Angela Di Cesare ◽  
Simone Morelli ◽  
Mariasole Colombo ◽  
Lenaig Halos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Rickettsia Conorii ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Of Greece

AbstractThe present study investigated the presence of endo- and ecto-parasites, and vector-borne pathogens, in dogs from four islands of Greece. A total of 200 owned and sheltered dogs were examined with different microscopic, serological and molecular methods.Of the examined dogs, 130 (65%) were positive for one or more parasites and/or vector-borne pathogens. The most common zoonotic intestinal helminths recorded were Ancylostomatidae (12.5%) and Toxocara canis (3.5%). Ninety-three dogs (46.5%) seroreacted to Rickettsia conorii. Twenty-two (11%) of them were also PCR positive and 7 (3.5%) showed corpuscoles suggestive of Rickettsia spp. on the blood smears. Nineteen dogs (9.5%) were seropositive for Ehrlichia canis, three of them being also PCR positive. Dogs positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum-Anaplasma platys (1%), Dirofilaria immitis (0.5%) and Babesia canis (0.5%) were also found. Fleas and ticks were recorded in 53 (26.5%) and 50 (25%) dogs and all specimens were identified as Ctenocephalides felis felis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu latu. Binary multiple univariate Generalized Linear Models were used to investigate factors and clinical signs related to the recorded positivity, while the association of specific signs with the pathogens was evaluated using tests of independence. Knowledge of occurrence and impact of zoonotic parasites and vector-borne pathogens in dog populations is crucial to prevent the infection in animals and people, and to control the risk of spreading of these pathogens in endemic and non-endemic areas.Author summaryBoth owned and sheltered dogs can harbor a variety of intestinal and extra-intestinal endoparasites, as well as vector-borne pathogens and ectoparasites, of zoonotic concern. Dog shelters and stray dogs are present in several touristic areas of Greece, including Sporades and Cyclades islands, where tourists often bring their pets with them, likely travelling from non-endemic to endemic areas. The present study has been carried out with the aim to evaluate the occurrence of the aforementioned pathogens. Data obtained showed that they are present in canine populations of Greece, with possibilities of infection for travelling dogs, which can also contribute to the spreading of zoonotic vector-borne diseases, introducing new pathogens in previously non-endemic areas. For these reasons, a constant monitoring of the epidemiological situation, improving control measures and correct diagnostic approaches are of primary importance for the prevention of canine and human infections, decreasing the spreading of potentially deadly pathogens.

scholarly journals Larvicidal Activity of Elytraria acaulis against Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soorya Sukumaran ◽  
Rajan Maheswaran
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Background: Mosquitoes are blood sucking arthropods and serve as vectors of many diseases causing serious health problems to human beings. Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti were responsible for Filariasis and Dengue. Syn­thetic pesticides were effective against mosquitoes as well as main sources of environmental pollution and most of them are immunosuppressant. Botanicals were widely used as insecticides, growth disruptors, repellents, etc. The aim of this research was to determine larvicidal properties of powdered leaf, Elytraria acaulis against late third or early fourth in­star larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti. Methods: Larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti were tested at various concentrations of 100, 120, 140, 160, 180 and 200mg/100ml and mortality was recorded after 24h. The LC50 values of the E. acaulis leaf powder were calcu­lated by Probit analysis. Results: The plant powder exhibited strong larvicidal activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus with LC50 value of 116.07mg/100ml against Ae. aegypti 124.25mg/100ml respectively. The result indicated that the plant powder of E. acaulis showed potential larvicidal activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti. Conclusion: The overall findings of the present investigation suggested that the E. acaulis highly effective against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti larvae. Elytraria acaulis may be used as an alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides for control of vectors to reduce vector borne diseases and did not harm to total environment.

scholarly journals Arbovirus Infections: the Challenges of Controlling an Ever-Present Enemy

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 322-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiko Takasaki ◽  
◽  
Akira Kotaki ◽  
Chang-Kweng Lim ◽  
Shigeru Tajima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne

Arthropod-borne infections carried by mosquitoes and ticks are difficult to eradicate, once rooted, and have frequently caused wide-area epidemics such as dengue fever, West Nile fever, chikungunya fever, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and Rift Valley fever. Factors such as global warming and overpopulation have aggravated urban epidemics caused by dengue and chikungunya viruses. Measures against arthropods have their limitations, however, so nonepidemic areas must be protected against invasion by vector-borne diseases through quarantine, education and effective vaccination.

scholarly journals Survey of protozoan vector-borne diseases in dogs from Atlantic Rainforest fragment around Billings Dam, São Paulo, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Carvalho de Freitas e Azevedo ◽  
Giovanna Stefani Nosberto Castelli ◽  
Ryan Emiliano da Silva ◽  
Jaciara de Oliveira Jorge Costa ◽  
Renata Tonhosolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Babesia Vogeli ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT: Vector-borne diseases are currently one of the biggest public health concerns worldwide. Dogs, being the closest companion animals to humans, are considered the main reservoir of some of these diseases in the urban environment. Therefore, the study of the disease behavior in dogs can help to understand the disease affecting human health. Serological and molecular diagnoses of Babesia vogeli, Rangelia vitalli, Leishmania infantum, and other trypanosomatids, were performed by immunochromatographic and PCR assays, respectively, on dogs in a dog shelter located in an Atlantic Forest fragment near the Billings Dam, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo-Brazil. Our molecular diagnostic results showed a high prevalence of Babesia vogeli, at 20.9% (17/81). No other protozoan was detected in any of the tests. Determining the prevalence of major vector-borne diseases is essential to establish preventive and control measures for zoonotic diseases in animals kept in shelters, in order to minimize the impact of vector-borne diseases on animal health.

scholarly journals Reflections from an old Queenslander: can rear and release strategies be the next great era of vector control?

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1905) ◽  
pp. 20190973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Ritchie ◽  
Kyran M. Staunton
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Genetic Construct ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Widespread Acceptance ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Primary Vector ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Dengue Control

In this perspective, I discuss the great eras of vector control, centring on Aedes aegypti , the primary vector of dengue, Zika and several other viruses. Since the discovery and acceptance of the role of mosquitoes as vectors of disease agents, several significant strategies have been developed and deployed to control them and the diseases they transmit. Environmental management, insecticides and, to a lesser extent, biological control have emerged as great eras of vector control. In the past decade, the release of massive numbers of specifically modified mosquitoes that mate with wild populations has emerged as a significant new strategy to fight vector-borne diseases. These reared and released mosquitoes have been modified by the addition of a symbiont (e.g. Wolbachia bacteria), radiation or introduction of a genetic construct to either sterilize the wild mosquitoes they mate with, crashing the population, or to reduce the wild population's capacity to vector pathogens. Will these new rear and release strategies become the next great era of vector control? From my vantage point as a dengue control manager and researcher involved in two Wolbachia programmes, I will discuss the hurdles that rear and release programmes face to gain widespread acceptance and success.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document