Hydroxycitrate Has Long-Term Effects on Feeding Behavior, Body Weight Regain and Metabolism after Body Weight Loss in Male Rats

Abstract Background: Maintenance of weight loss in patients that undergo weight loss interventions is highly challenging, irrespective of the type of approach to obesity (whether surgical, pharmacological, or non-pharmacological). We proposed a protocol of an aggressive clinical treatment for obesity aiming to prevent the need of bariatric surgery, in patients unwilling to undergo this procedure, by proposing a protocol that included the combination of different anti-obesity medications and non-pharmacological modalities, for longer duration, and with an active approach to prevent weight regain. Our initial 2-year data showed that 93% (40 of 43 patients) with moderate and morbid obesity were able to avoid the need of bariatric surgery, with concomitant improvements of the biochemical profile. However, whether these patients would maintain their successful rates after five years was uncertain. Our objective is to describe the efficacy and safety of a long term (5-year data) pharmacological and multi-modal treatment for moderate and severe obesity. Methods: The 40 patients that were successful in the two-year approach in our obesity center (Corpometria Institute, Brasilia, DF, Brazil) were enrolled. A long-term anti-obesity protocol was employed, with continuous or intermittent use of anti-obesity drugs, trimestral body composition analysis, psychotherapy, visit to a nutritionist every four months, and both resistance and endurance exercises at least four times a week. Body weight (BW), total weight excess (TWE), body fat, markers of lipid and glucose metabolism, liver function, and inflammation were analyzed. Subjects that dropped out were considered as weight regain. Therapeutic success for the 5-year follow-up included as the maintenance of >20% loss of the initial BW loss, and no weight regain (or < 20% of the initial weight loss). Results: A total of 27 patients (67.5%) were able to maintain the body weight, seven dropped out, and six regained more than 20% of the initial weight loss. Of these, 21 (77.8%) had significant further increase of muscle mass and decrease of fat loss, while 17 (63.0%) had further weight loss (p < 0.05), compared to the 2-year data. Improvements on the biochemical profile persisted in all 27 patients, and had significant further improvements in 24 (88.9%) of these patients. Conclusion: The risk of weight regain five years after a weight loss treatment for obesity was significantly lower compared to previous literature, and comparable to the long-term outcomes of bariatric procedures. An aggressive, structured, and long-term clinical weight loss approach has been shown to be feasible, even for morbidly obese patients.

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Effects of green tea on weight maintenance after body-weight loss

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn20041061 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 91 (3) ◽

pp. 431-437 ◽

Cited By ~ 144

Author(s):

Eva M. R. Kovacs ◽

Manuela P. G. M. Lejeune ◽

Ilse Nijs ◽

Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Green Tea ◽

Weight Regain ◽

Weight Maintenance ◽

Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Caffeine Consumption ◽

Very Low Energy Diet ◽

Obese Subjects

The present study was conducted to investigate whether green tea may improve weight maintenance by preventing or limiting weight regain after weight loss of 5 to 10% in overweight and moderately obese subjects. The study had a randomised, parallel, placebo-controlled design. A total of 104 overweight and moderately obese male and female subjects (age 18–60 years; BMI 25–35kg/m2) participated. The study consisted of a very-low-energy diet intervention (VLED; 2·1MJ/d) of 4 weeks followed by a weight-maintenance period of 13 weeks in which the subjects received green tea or placebo. The green tea contained caffeine (104mg/d) and catechins (573mg/d, of which 323mg was epigallocatechin gallate). Subjects lost 6·4 (sd 1·9) kg or 7·5 (sd 2·2) % of their original body weight during the VLED (P<0·001). Body-weight regain was not significantly different between the green tea and the placebo group (30·5 (sd 61·8) % and 19·7 (sd 56·9)%, respectively). In the green tea treatment, habitual high caffeine consumption was associated with a higher weight regain compared with habitual low caffeine consumption (39 (sd 17) and 16 (sd 11)%, respectively; P<0·05). We conclude that weight maintenance after 7·5% body-weight loss was not affected by green tea treatment and that habitual caffeine consumption affected weight maintenance in the green tea treatment.

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Influence of long-term exposure to adverse environments on organ weights and histology

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.196.3.520 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 196 (3) ◽

pp. 520-524 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Henry B. Hale ◽

Roy B. Mefferd ◽

Gordon Vawter ◽

G. Elizabeth Foerster ◽

Dominic Criscuolo

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Male Rats ◽

Temperature Dependency ◽

Organ Weights ◽

Thymus Weight ◽

Pressure Dependency ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Induced Changes

A comparison was made of the morphological effects of cold, heat and simulated altitude on adult male rats given exposures of 24 weeks' duration. By the use of covariance analysis it was possible to determine the extent to which organ weights were dependent upon body weight and to adjust the values in order to remove body weight influences. For liver, heart and kidney, adjusted weights indicated temperature-dependency, while pressure-dependency was established for liver and kidney only. Histologically, temperature-dependency was indicated for liver, kidney, thyroid, adrenal and pituitary. Fur weight was reduced in heat but not altered in cold. Fasting in cold induced changes in adrenal and thymus weight and unusually high body weight loss; in heat, fasting caused a significant thymus weight loss without adrenal weight increase. The thymus-adrenal ratio was elevated during a 24-hour fast in all environments except cold, where it was decreased.

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Weight Loss Medications in Young Adults after Bariatric Surgery for Weight Regain or Inadequate Weight Loss: A Multi-Center Study

Children ◽

10.3390/children5090116 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (9) ◽

pp. 116 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Alexander Toth ◽

Gricelda Gomez ◽

Alpana Shukla ◽

Janey Pratt ◽

Hellas Cena ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Young Adults ◽

Body Weight ◽

Weight Change ◽

Weight Regain ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Total Body Weight ◽

Percent Weight Loss ◽

Total Body ◽

Weight Loss Medications

This paper presents a retrospective cohort study of weight loss medications in young adults aged 21 to 30 following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) between November 2000 and June 2014. Data were collected from patients who used topiramate, phentermine, and/or metformin postoperatively. Percentage of patients achieving ≥5%, ≥10%, or ≥15% weight loss on medications was determined and percent weight change on each medication was compared to percent weight change of the rest of the cohort. Our results showed that 54.1% of study patients lost ≥5% of their postsurgical weight; 34.3% and 22.9% lost ≥10% and ≥15%, respectively. RYGB had higher median percent weight loss (−8.1%) than SG (−3.3%) (p = 0.0515). No difference was found in median percent weight loss with medications started at weight plateau (−6.0%) versus after weight regain (−5.4%) (p = 0.5304). Patients taking medications at weight loss plateau lost 41.2% of total body weight from before surgery versus 27.1% after weight regain (p = 0.076). Median percent weight change on metformin was −2.9% compared to the rest of the cohort at −7.7% (p = 0.0241). No difference from the rest of the cohort was found for phentermine (p = 0.2018) or topiramate (p = 0.3187). Topiramate, phentermine, and metformin are promising weight loss medications for 21 to 30 year olds. RYGB patients achieve more weight loss on medications but both RYGB and SG benefit. Median total body weight loss from pre-surgical weight may be higher in patients that start medication at postsurgical nadir weight. Participants on metformin lost significantly smaller percentages of weight on medications, which could be the result of underlying medical conditions.

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Lateral hypothalamic NMDA receptors and glutamate as physiological mediators of eating and weight control

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1996.270.2.r443 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 270 (2) ◽

pp. R443-R449 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

B. G. Stanley ◽

V. L. Willett ◽

H. W. Donias ◽

M. G. Dee ◽

M. A. Duva

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Nmda Receptors ◽

Kainic Acid ◽

Weight Control ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Nmda Antagonist ◽

Male Rats ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Lateral Hypothalamic ◽

Daily Food

To determine whether endogenous lateral hypothalamic (LH) glutamate and its N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors might participate in the stimulation of natural eating, LH injection of the NMDA antagonist D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP5) was tested in adult male rats for suppressive actions on feeding elicited by 1) NMDA, kainic acid or D, L-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole (AMPA) injected into the LH; 2) food deprivation; and 3) the onset of the nocturnal period. D-AP5 (10-100 nmol) reduced by 72-90% the approximately 10-g eating response elicited by NMDA (10 nmol) without affecting the quantitatively similar eating responses elicited by kainic acid (1.0 nmol) or AMPA (1.0 nmol). This treatment also suppressed deprivation-induced eating by as much as 61% and nocturnal eating by as much as 40%. To determine its long-term effects, D-AP5 (50 nmol) was injected bilaterally into the LH twice a day for 8 consecutive days. This treatment caused up to 65% reductions in daily food intake and body weight loss of up to 13 g/day. These findings, showing behaviorally selective suppressions of eating and body weight by D-AP5, argue that endogenous LH glutamate acts to regulate natural eating and body weight and that NMDA receptors participate in these functions.

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Diet and body weight loss in the rat during calorie restriction

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y68-017 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 101-107

Author(s):

Peter B. Karch ◽

John R. Beaton

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Body Fat ◽

Resting Metabolic Rate ◽

Urine Volume ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

The Body ◽

Male Rats ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Isocaloric Diets

With adult male rats, experiments were carried out to ascertain the different effects, if any, of isocaloric diets high in carbohydrate, fat, or protein fed in restricted amounts of 9 g per rat per day on body weight loss and composition. It was observed that the nature of the diet did not alter rate, amount, or composition of body weight loss when fed in restricted amount for a period of 12 days. Further, the nature of the diet did not alter significantly the following parameters during restriction: water intake, urine volume, resting metabolic rate, spontaneous activity, urine and feces calorie values. In an experiment with hypothalamic-obese rats, the body weight loss and composition were not significantly different among the dietary-restricted groups. An important observation in this experiment was that as body fat decreased markedly owing to restricted feeding, body water increased markedly and counterbalanced approximately 60% of the potential weight loss due to the decrease in body fat. Our reported observations do not support the hypothesis that the composition of the diet may determine the rate and amount of body weight loss as a consequence of restricted food intake. They do support the hypothesis that the calorie intake, not the nature of the source of calories, determines the rate and amount of weight loss, at least for relatively short periods of food restriction.

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