Diets Low in Saturated Fat with Different Unsaturated Fatty Acid Profiles Similarly Increase Serum-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux from THP-1 Macrophages in a Population with or at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome: The Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial

Abstract Background Cholesterol efflux plays an important role in preventing atherosclerosis progression. Vegetable oils with varying unsaturated fatty acid profiles favorably affect multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors; however, their effects on cholesterol efflux remain unclear. Objective The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of diets low in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with varying unsaturated fatty acid profiles on serum-mediated cholesterol efflux and its association with the plasma lipophilic index and central obesity. Methods The present study is a randomized, crossover, controlled-feeding study. Participants [men: n = 50; women: n = 51; mean ± SE age: 49.5 ± 1.2 y; body mass index (in kg/m2): 29.4 ± 0.4] at risk for or with metabolic syndrome (MetS) were randomly assigned to 5 isocaloric diets containing the treatment oils: canola oil, high oleic acid–canola oil, DHA-enriched high oleic acid–canola oil, corn oil and safflower oil blend, and flax oil and safflower oil blend. These treatment oils were incorporated into smoothies that participants consumed 2 times/d. For a 3000-kcal diet, 60 g of treatment oil was required to provide 18% of total energy per day. Each diet period was 4 wk followed by a 2- to 4-wk washout period. We quantified cholesterol efflux capacity with a validated ex vivo high-throughput cholesterol efflux assay. Statistical analyses were performed with the use of the SAS mixed-model procedure. Results The 5 diets increased serum-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity from THP-1 macrophages similarly by 39%, 34%, 55%, 49% and 51%, respectively, compared with baseline (P < 0.05 for all). Waist circumference and abdominal adiposity were negatively correlated with serum-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity (r = −0.25, P = 0.01, r = −0.33, P = 0.02, respectively). Conclusion Diets low in SFAs with different monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles improved serum-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity in individuals with or at risk for MetS. This mechanism may account, in part, for the cardiovascular disease benefits of diets low in SFAs and high in unsaturated fatty acids. Importantly, central obesity is inversely associated with cholesterol efflux capacity. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01351012.

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Modeled replacement of traditional soybean and canola oil with high-oleic varieties increases monounsaturated fatty acid and reduces both saturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in the US adult population

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqy127 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 108 (3) ◽

pp. 594-602 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Susan K Raatz ◽

Zach Conrad ◽

Lisa Jahns ◽

Martha A Belury ◽

Matthew J Picklo

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Canola Oil ◽

Food Sources ◽

Fatty Acid Intake ◽

High Oleic ◽

Acid Intake ◽

The Us ◽

Age And Sex

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND High-oleic (HO) seed oils are being introduced as replacements for trans fatty acid (TFA)–containing fats and oils. Negative health effects associated with TFAs led to their removal from the US Generally Recognized As Safe list. HO oils formulated for use in food production may result in changes in fatty acid intake at population levels. Objectives The purposes of this study were to 1) identify major food sources of soybean oil (SO) and canola oil (CO), 2) estimate effects of replacing SO and CO with HO varieties on fatty acid intake overall and by age and sex strata, and 3) compare predicted intakes with the Dietary Reference Intakes and Adequate Intakes (AIs) for the essential fatty acids (EFAs) α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA). Design Food and nutrient intakes from NHANES waves 2007–2008, 2009–2010, 2011–2012, and 2013–2014 in 21,029 individuals aged ≥20 y were used to model dietary changes. We estimated the intake of fatty acid with the replacement of HO-SO and HO-CO for commodity SO and CO at 10%, 25%, and 50% and evaluated the potential for meeting the AI at these levels. RESULTS Each modeling scenario decreased saturated fatty acids (SFAs), although intakes remained greater than recommended for all age and sex groups. Models of all levels increased the intake of total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), especially oleic acid, and decreased the intake of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly LA and ALA. Replacement of traditional with HO oils at 25–50% places specific adult age and sex groups at risk of not meeting the AI for LA and ALA. Conclusions The replacement of traditional oils with HO varieties will increase MUFA intake and reduce both SFA and PUFA intakes, including EFAs, and may place specific age and sex groups at risk of inadequate LA and ALA intake.

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Interactions between dietary oil treatments and genetic variants modulate fatty acid ethanolamides in plasma and body weight composition

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114515005425 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 115 (6) ◽

pp. 1012-1023 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Shuaihua Pu ◽

Peter Eck ◽

David J. A. Jenkins ◽

Philip W. Connelly ◽

Benoît Lamarche ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Canola Oil ◽

Cannabinoid Receptors ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Acid Amide ◽

Safflower Oil ◽

High Oleic ◽

Fatty Acid Ethanolamides ◽

Oil Blend ◽

Dietary Oil

AbstractFatty acid ethanolamides (FAE), a group of lipid mediators derived from long-chain fatty acids (FA), mediate biological activities including activation of cannabinoid receptors, stimulation of fat oxidation and regulation of satiety. However, how circulating FAE levels are influenced by FA intake in humans remains unclear. The objective of the present study was to investigate the response of six major circulating FAE to various dietary oil treatments in a five-period, cross-over, randomised, double-blind, clinical study in volunteers with abdominal obesity. The treatment oils (60 g/12 552 kJ per d (60 g/3000 kcal per d)) provided for 30 d were as follows: conventional canola oil, high oleic canola oil, high oleic canola oil enriched with DHA, flax/safflower oil blend and corn/safflower oil blend. Two SNP associated with FAE degradation and synthesis were studied. Post-treatment results showed overall that plasma FAE levels were modulated by dietary FA and were positively correlated with corresponding plasma FA levels; minor allele (A) carriers of SNP rs324420 in gene fatty acid amide hydrolase produced higher circulating oleoylethanolamide (OEA) (P=0·0209) and docosahexaenoylethanolamide (DHEA) levels (P=0·0002). In addition, elevated plasma DHEA levels in response to DHA intake tended to be associated with lower plasma OEA levels and an increased gynoid fat mass. In summary, data suggest that the metabolic and physiological responses to dietary FA may be influenced via circulating FAE. Genetic analysis of rs324420 might help identify a sub-population that appears to benefit from increased consumption of DHA and oleic acid.

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Abstract P382: Canola and High-Oleic Acid Canola Oils Improve Lipid/Lipoprotein Parameters Compared to an Oil Blend Characteristic of a Western Dietary Pattern in Individuals at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.137.suppl_1.p382 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Kate J Bowen ◽

Penny M Kris-Etherton ◽

Sheila G West ◽

Jennifer A Fleming ◽

Philip W Connelly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Clinical Trial ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Canola Oil ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

High Oleic Acid ◽

High Oleic ◽

Oil Blend ◽

Canola Oils

Introduction: Identifying dietary interventions for cardiometabolic disease prevention in individuals with metabolic syndrome is relevant to a significant portion of the population. Numerous studies have investigated the effects of canola oil on cardiovascular disease risk; however, no studies have compared canola oil diets to a control diet with a fatty acid composition characteristic of Western intakes in individuals with metabolic syndrome risk factors. The objectives of this study were to evaluate effects of canola oil, high-oleic acid canola oil (HOCO), and a control oil (blend of butter, safflower, coconut, and flaxseed oils formulated to represent a Western diet fatty acid profile) on lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins. Hypothesis: We tested the hypothesis that the two canola oil diets would elicit beneficial effects on the total lipid/lipoprotein profile compared to the Western (control oil) diet. Methods: In a multi-center, double blind, randomized, three-period crossover, controlled feeding clinical trial, 119 individuals with an increased waist circumference plus at least one additional metabolic syndrome risk factor consumed prepared isocaloric, weight maintenance diets containing canola oil [17.5% E from monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), 9.2% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 6.6% saturated fatty acids (SFA)], HOCO (19.1% E from MUFA, 7.0% PUFA, 6.4% SFA), or control oil (11% E from MUFA, 10% PUFA, 12% SFA) for six-weeks each separated by 4-12 week washouts. The differences at the end of 42 days of feeding were tested. Results: The canola oil and HOCO resulted in lower endpoint total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), the TC: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, apolipoprotein (apo) B, the apoB: apoA1 ratio, and non-HDL-C compared to control oil ( P <0.0001 for treatment effect), with no differences between HOCO and canola oil for these parameters. Endpoint apoA1 did not significantly differ between the two canola oils and control, but was higher after the HOCO compared to canola oil (1.46 ± 0.02 g/L vs. 1.43 ± 0.02 g/L, P = 0.0462). There were no differences among the three diets in endpoint triglycerides or HDL-C. Conclusions: Incorporating canola or high-oleic acid canola oils into the diet improves blood lipids and lipoproteins compared to a contemporary Western diet in individuals with at least two criteria for metabolic syndrome.

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Consumption of vegetable oils with different unsaturated fatty acid profiles increases cholesterol efflux from THP‐1 macrophages (269.4)

The FASEB Journal ◽

10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.269.4 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

Xiaoran Liu ◽

Penny Kris‐Etherton ◽

Sheila West ◽

Benoît Lamarche ◽

Patrick Couture ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Cholesterol Efflux ◽

Fatty Acid Profiles

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Pre‐ and Post‐weaning diets with low omega‐6 to omega‐3 fatty acid ratio reduced plasma lipid levels and increased cholesterol efflux capacity in the offspring of C57BL/6 mice

The FASEB Journal ◽

10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.266.7 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

Kayode Adeniyi Balogun ◽

Raniru Sergaevna Randunu ◽

Sukhinder Kaur Cheema

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Cholesterol Efflux ◽

Plasma Lipid ◽

Fatty Acid Ratio ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Lipid Levels ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acid ◽

Cholesterol Efflux Capacity ◽

Acid Ratio ◽

Omega 6

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The Interaction of the Soybean Seed High Oleic Acid Oil Trait With Other Fatty Acid Modifications

Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society ◽

10.1002/aocs.12025 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 39-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kristin Bilyeu ◽

Mária Škrabišová ◽

Doug Allen ◽

Istvan Rajcan ◽

Debra E. Palmquist ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oleic Acid ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

High Oleic Acid ◽

Acid Oil ◽

High Oleic ◽

Fatty Acid Modifications

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High Oleic Sunflower: Studies on Composition and Desaturation of Acyl Groups in Different Lipids and Organs

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-1990-3-405 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 45 (3-4) ◽

pp. 166-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Petra Sperling ◽

Ute Hammer ◽

Wolfgang Friedt ◽

Ernst Heinz

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Electron Transport ◽

Fatty Acid Profiles ◽

High Oleic ◽

Oleate Desaturase ◽

Electron Transport Chains ◽

Selection Of

Abstract A selection of lipids from achenes, cotyledons after germination, roots and leaves of normal and high oleic varieties of sunflower were analyzed with regard to their fatty acid profiles. The lipids included triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine as ER-made components and mono-and digalactosyl diacylglycerol as plastid-localized glycolipids. A comparison of fatty acid pat terns showed that the block in oleate desaturation of the high oleic variety is confined to the ER of fat accumulating embryos, but that upon germination the oleate desaturation in the cotyledonary ER is rapidly derepressed. These data are supported by enzymatic experiments. In microsomes from maturing fruits of the high oleic variety oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine desaturase could not be detected, whereas o leoyl-CoA : lyso-phosphatidylcholine acyltransferase and components of the microsomal electron transport chains were not affected. A correlation in the expression of desaturation blocks in seed and root fatty acids as observed in mutants of other species was not observed which, therefore, cannot be generalized. Our data are discussed in terms of the existence of two ER-specific oleate desaturase activities.

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