scholarly journals Stunting at 24 Months Is Not Related to Incidence of Overweight through Young Adulthood in an Urban South African Birth Cohort

2018 ◽  
Vol 148 (6) ◽  
pp. 967-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara K Hanson ◽  
Richard J Munthali ◽  
Elizabeth A Lundeen ◽  
Linda M Richter ◽  
Shane A Norris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Urban South ◽  
Childhood Stunting ◽  
Height For Age

Abstract Background The role that childhood stunting plays in the development of overweight and obesity later in life is not well understood, particularly in adolescence and young adulthood, because most studies have only followed up through midchildhood. Objective The objective of this study was to examine the relation between stunting and age-specific patterns of overweight and obesity incidence from early childhood to young adulthood in the context of a country in the process of the nutrition transition while these children were growing up. Methods We analyzed data from 895 participants in the Birth-to-Twenty Plus Cohort (Bt20+), an urban South African birth cohort initiated in 1990. Anthropometric data were collected at multiple ages and participants were included if they provided height at age 24 mo and ≥1 measure of body mass index [BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)2] in each of the following time periods: 4–8 y, 11–12 y, 13–15 y, 16–18 y, and 22–24 y. We defined stunting at age 24 mo as height-for-age z score <2 and overweight as BMI z score (BMIZ) >1 in childhood (4–8 y) and adolescence (11–12 y, 13–15 y, and 16–18 y) and BMI ≥25 in young adulthood (22–24 y). We compared BMI, BMIZ, and the prevalence of overweight by stunting status, stratified by sex. Results Our sample was 93% black and 51% female. The prevalence of stunting at 24 mo was 26% in males and 19% in females. In young adulthood, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 15.5% (men) and 47.5% (women). Among both males and females, neither mean BMI nor a combined measure of overweight and obesity in any subsequent period differed by stunting status at 24 mo (P ≥ 0.05). Conclusion Stunting at 24 mo was not related to the risk of overweight or obesity in this cohort. Stunting may not be an important contributor to the increasing obesity rates in urban South Africa.

scholarly journals Interpreting Food Security Research Findings With Rural South African Communities

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Angela McIntyre ◽  
Sheryl L Hendriks
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
South African ◽  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
Adult Obesity ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Security Research ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Childhood Stunting

INTRODUCTION: The presence of concurrent childhood stunting and adult obesity observed in poor, rural, former homeland communities in South Africa appears to be explained by nutrition transition, but the factors shaping rural food security are still poorly understood. Localized constraints and capabilities are often overlooked by food security policies, strategies and programs. Grounding food security data in local contexts is often a missing step in the diagnosis of food insecurity.AIMS: This qualitative study aimed to engage members of poor rural communities in generating a more grounded, localized understanding of food insecurity.METHOD: Members of South Africa’s poorest rural communities were asked to validate and interpret food production, consumption and nutrition data from a three-year, multidisciplinary food security study, with the aid of graphic presentations to overcome literacy barriers.RESULTS: Interpretations of food security research findings by communities revealed unique local experiences and understandings of food insecurity.CONCLUSION: Engaging people in the joint diagnosis of their food security challenges generates information on the environmental, economic and cultural conditions that shape experiences of hunger and influence nutrition outcomes, which are not always captured by conventional food security analyses. More inclusive and participatory research could support the design of more effective food security interventions in marginalized rural communities.

Association between infant nutrition and anthropometry, and pre-pubertal body composition in urban South African children

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 415-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kagura ◽  
A. B. B. Feeley ◽  
L. K. Micklesfield ◽  
J. M. Pettifor ◽  
S. A. Norris
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
South African ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Urban South ◽  
One Year ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Height For Age

Early life nutrition and growth are related to subsequent obesity risk in high-income countries. We investigated the association between nutrition and growth during infancy, and body composition at 10 years of age in 140 children selected from the Bone Health sub-study of the Birth-to-Twenty cohort from Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. Infant feeding and dietary data were collected during the first 12 months, and weight and height were measured at 1 and 2 years of age. At 10 years, anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived body composition were measured. Regression models were used to determine associations between independent and dependent variables at the 1% level of significance. A one z-score increase in birth weight was associated with a 1051 g increase in lean mass and a 0.22 increase in body mass index (BMI) z-score at the age of 10 years. After adjusting for confounders, stunting at age 1 year was associated with lower fat mass only at 10 years of age while at age 2 years, it was associated with lower lean mass only. Being underweight at one year of age was significantly associated with lower lean mass only. Weight-for-age (WAZ) change in the second year of infancy was a predictor of fat mass and BMI only. Body fatness at 10 years of age was positively associated with infant WAZ change rather than height-for-age change. There were no significant associations between infant dietary patterns, wasting and being underweight at age 2 years and pre-pubertal body composition. Further studies are needed to assess whether these associations continue during adolescence as pubertal development may be an important modifier of these associations.

scholarly journals Prevalence of malnutrition among refugee children traveling on “Balkan Route”

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Spiroski ◽  
Danche Gudeva Nikovska
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Refugee Children ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Children Under 5

AbstractIntroduction:Undernutrition indicates a lack of the necessary energy, macro or micronutrients in person's dietary intake. Overnutrition usually refers to existence of overweight and obesity. The objective of our study was to assess the prevalence of both undernutrition and overweight and obesity among refugee children population, traveling on so-called “Balkan route” from Syria and Iraq towards Western Europe, temporally situated in two transit centers in Macedonia, one at the south of the country (camp Gevgelija) and one at north (camp Tabanovce).Methods:Total of 99 children aged 0 to 19 years were measured for their height and weight. Of those children 35 were at the age of 0 to 5 years and 64 at the age of 5 to 19 years. WHO's child growth standards and references were used to assess the nutritional status of measured children. Undernutrition was defined through stunting and wasting, as below -2 standard deviations (SD) of the Height-for-age and Weight-for-height indexes. Overweight and obesity were defined as above + 1 and + 2 SD of the z-score for BMI-for-age index respectively for children age 5 to 19 and above + 2 and + 3 SD for Weight-for-height index for children up to 5 years of age.Results:Out of all children are 0–5, 26,5% were stunted (95% CI 10.2–42.8), 31,3% of them boys and 22.2% girls. In this population of children 5.9% were moderately wasted (95% CI 0–15.3), almost all of them boys. Among children age 5–19, 20.6% were below -2 SD of the index Height-for age (95% CI 9.8–31.4), 19.4% of them boys and 22.2% girls. There were no obese children under 5 in both transit centers in Macedonia, and 11.8% were overweight (95% CI 0–24.1). Out of all children age 5–19, 23.4% were considered overweight or obese (95% CI 12.3–34.6), 19.4% of them boys and 28.6% girls, and 3.1% obese (95% CI 0–8.2).ConclusionsWhen compared to the prevalence of both undernutrition and overweight (including obesity) in children in Macedonia, refugee children have higher prevalence of stunting and wasting. Overnutrition coexisted with undernutrition in refugee children population, particularly among children age 5 to 19. Specific conditions and relatively small number of participants in the study should be taken into account when drawing general conclusions.

scholarly journals Young Adult South African Daughters’ Perceptions of Paternal Involvement and Nurturance

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-143
Author(s):  
Sonja Wessels ◽  
Elmien Lesch
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
South African ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Father Involvement ◽  
Paternal Involvement ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Adult Daughters ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
High Current

This study aimed to assess current and retrospective levels of reported and desired paternal involvement experienced by young adult daughters, as well as current and retrospective levels of paternal nurturance. A sample of 89, female, third year South African Psychology students completed self-administered questionnaires, consisting of a biographical questionnaire, four Father Involvement Scales and two Nurturant Father Scales. Daughters reported their fathers as having been involved and nurturing while growing up. Although they indicated that they perceived fathers as somewhat less involved in young adulthood; they reported being satisfied with the level of father involvement. Daughters also reported high current paternal nurturance. The findings therefore indicate that a group of middle to upper middle-class South African daughters perceived their fathers as relatively involved in their lives and suggest that their fathers’ involvement extends beyond traditional father roles.

scholarly journals Early childhood undernutrition increases risk of hearing loss in young adulthood in rural Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan D Emmett ◽  
Jane Schmitz ◽  
Sureswor L Karna ◽  
Subarna K Khatry ◽  
Lee Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Parental History ◽  
Childhood Undernutrition ◽  
Rural Nepal ◽  
Childhood Stunting

ABSTRACTBackgroundPrevalence of young adult hearing loss is high in low-resource societies; the reasons for this are likely complex but could involve early childhood undernutrition.ObjectiveWe evaluated preschool childhood stunting, wasting, and underweight as risk factors for hearing loss in young adulthood in Sarlahi District, southern Nepal.DesignEar health was assessed in 2006–2008 in a cohort of 2193 subjects aged 16–23 y, who as children <60 mo of age participated in a 16-mo placebo-controlled, randomized vitamin A supplementation trial from 1989 to 1991. At each of five 4-mo assessments, field staff measured children's weight, height, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and recorded validated parental history of ear discharge in the previous 7 d. Children were classified as stunted [<–2 z score height-for-age (HAZ)], underweight [<–2 z score weight-for-age (WAZ)], or wasted [<–2 z score MUAC-for-age (MUACAZ) or body mass index-for-age (BMIAZ)]. At follow-up, hearing was tested by audiometry and tympanometry, with hearing loss defined as pure-tone average >30dB in the worse ear (0.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz) and middle-ear dysfunction as abnormal tympanometric peak height (<0.3 or >1.4 mmho) or width (<50 or >110 daPa).ResultsHearing loss, present in 5.9% (95% CI: 5.01%, 7.00%) of subjects, was associated with early childhood stunting (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.45), underweight (OR: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.44) and wasting by BMIAZ (OR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.19, 2.97) and MUACAZ (OR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.47, 3.12). Abnormal tympanometry, affecting 16.6% (95% CI: 15.06%, 18.18%), was associated with underweight (OR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.84) and wasting by BMIAZ (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.32, 2.46) and MUACAZ (OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.84), but not stunting (OR: 1.18; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.49) in early childhood. Highest ORs were observed for subjects with both hearing loss and abnormal tympanometry, ranging from 1.87 to 2.24 (all lower 95% CI >1.00).ConclusionsEarly childhood undernutrition is a modifiable risk factor for early adulthood hearing loss.

scholarly journals Assessment of nutritional status of adolescent school going boys of Himachal Pradesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 4960
Author(s):  
Neetu S. Pathania ◽  
Rajib Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Indian Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Double Burden Of Malnutrition ◽  
Height For Age

Background: Given the paucity of data on the nutritional standard of the Himachali children, the present study was conducted to assess the physical growth and malnutrition of adolescent school-going boys of Himachal Pradesh within the age group of 15-17 years.Methods: Boys were selected from both government and private schools of the non- hilly regions of Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh. Height, weight, and BMI were determined. Stunting was evaluated from height-for-age Z-score, and thinness, overweight, and obesity were estimated from BMI-for-age Z-score using the WHO recommended cut-off values.Results: Mean height varied between 167.2 to 168.7 cm. Weight varied between 52.4 to 56.1 kg with a corresponding BMI between 18.7 to 19.7 kg/m2.The overall prevalence of stunting and wasting were 5.7% and 15.8% respectively. The coexistence of stunting and wasting was not found in any of the age groups. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 5.4% and 1.7% respectively.Conclusions: Himachali boys appeared to be taller than most of the Indian population of boys of similar age groups. Prevalence of the different categories of over nutrition and undernutrition were also lower as compared to that obtained for other Indian studies on adolescent boys. The existence of overweight and obese individuals points towards the double burden of malnutrition. 

scholarly journals Growth patterns in early childhood and the onset of menarche before age twelve

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeovany Martínez ◽  
Cora Araújo ◽  
Bernardo Lessa Horta ◽  
Denise Petrucci Gigante
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between growth patterns in early childhood and the onset of menarche before age 12. METHODS: The study included 2,083 women from a birth cohort study conducted in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, starting in 1982. Anthropometric, behavioral, and pregnancy-related variables were collected through home interviews. Statistical analyses were performed using Pearson's chi-square and chi-square test for linear trends. A multivariable analysis was carried out using Poisson regression based on a hierarchical model. RESULTS: Mean age of menarche was 12.4 years old and the prevalence of menarche before age 12 was 24.3%. Higher weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height z-scores at 19.4 and 43.1 months of age were associated with linear tendencies of increased prevalence and relative risks of the onset of menarche before age 12. Girls who experienced rapid growth in weight-for-age z-score from birth to 19.4 months of age and in weight-for-age or height-for-age z-scores from 19.4 to 43.1 months of age also showed higher risk of menarche before age 12. Higher risk was seen when rapid growth in weight-for-age z-score was seen during these age intervals and the highest risk was found among those in the first tertile of Williams' curve at birth. Rapid growth in weight-for-height z-score was not associated with menarche before age 12. CONCLUSIONS: Menarche is affected by nutritional status and growth patterns during early childhood. Preventing overweight and obesity during early childhood and keeping a "normal" growth pattern seem crucial for the prevention of health conditions during adulthood.

scholarly journals Undernutrition in early life and body composition of adolescent males from a birth cohort study

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 949-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise P. Gigante ◽  
Cesar G. Victora ◽  
Bernardo L. Horta ◽  
Rosângela C. Lima
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Maternity Hospitals ◽  
Height For Age

The evidence for an association between poor nutrition in early life and subsequent obesity is inconclusive. In the present study, we investigated the associations between stunting, wasting and underweight at 2 and 4 years of age, and body composition in adolescence in male subjects studied since birth. The 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study included all children born in maternity hospitals and living in the urban area of the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. All males born in 1982 were legally required to enlist in the army between January and April 2000. We were thus able to track 2250 subjects in 2000 (78·9 % of the original cohort). Anthropometric measurements were collected in 1984 and 1986, and body composition was assessed in 2000. In the present analysis, we used as predictors the nutritional indices height-for-age, weight-for-height and weight-for-age presented in six categories. Outcomes included fat, lean and body mass indices and fat:lean mass ratio, derived from anthropometric and bioimpedance measurements. ANOVA and linear regression were used in the analyses to adjust for confounding. All predictors were positively associated with fat and body mass indices. Height-for-age Z score at age 2 or 4 years was not associated with lean mass index, but all other predictors were associated. Fat:lean mass ratio was associated only with weight-for-height Z score. Our results suggest that undernutrition is not a risk factor for overweight and obesity in our population and may partially protect against fatness in adolescence.

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