scholarly journals Persuasive Message Pretesting Using Non-Behavioral Outcomes: Differences in Attitudinal and Intention Effects as Diagnostic of Differences in Behavioral Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-645
Author(s):  
Daniel J O’Keefe
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Persuasive Messages ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Persuasive Message ◽  
Practical Examination

Abstract Persuasive message designers would like to be able to pretest messages to see which will be more effective in influencing behavioral outcomes, but pretesting using behavioral measures is commonly not practical. Examination of within-study effect size comparisons from 317 studies of 22 message variations suggests that persuasive messages’ relative effectiveness is strikingly similar across attitudinal, intention, and behavioral outcomes—with messages’ relative persuasiveness with respect to intention outcomes especially indicative of relative persuasiveness with respect to behavioral outcomes. Intention measures thus provide a convenient and accurate means of persuasive message pretesting.

scholarly journals Neural Entrainment Meets Behavior: The Stability Index as a Neural Outcome Measure of Auditory-Motor Coupling

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Rosso ◽  
Marc Leman ◽  
Lousin Moumdjian
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Neural Entrainment ◽  
Entrainment Effect ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact

Understanding rhythmic behavior in the context of coupled auditory and motor systems has been of interest to neurological rehabilitation, in particular, to facilitate walking. Recent work based on behavioral measures revealed an entrainment effect of auditory rhythms on motor rhythms. In this study, we propose a method to compute the neural component of such a process from an electroencephalographic (EEG) signal. A simple auditory-motor synchronization paradigm was used, where 28 healthy participants were instructed to synchronize their finger-tapping with a metronome. The computation of the neural outcome measure was carried out in two blocks. In the first block, we used Generalized Eigendecomposition (GED) to reduce the data dimensionality to the component which maximally entrained to the metronome frequency. The scalp topography pointed at brain activity over contralateral sensorimotor regions. In the second block, we computed instantaneous frequency from the analytic signal of the extracted component. This returned a time-varying measure of frequency fluctuations, whose standard deviation provided our “stability index” as a neural outcome measure of auditory-motor coupling. Finally, the proposed neural measure was validated by conducting a correlation analysis with a set of behavioral outcomes from the synchronization task: resultant vector length, relative phase angle, mean asynchrony, and tempo matching. Significant moderate negative correlations were found with the first three measures, suggesting that the stability index provided a quantifiable neural outcome measure of entrainment, with selectivity towards phase-correction mechanisms. We address further adoption of the proposed approach, especially with populations where sensorimotor abilities are compromised by an underlying pathological condition. The impact of using stability index can potentially be used as an outcome measure to assess rehabilitation protocols, and possibly provide further insight into neuropathological models of auditory-motor coupling.

Abstract WMP37: Methodological Quality and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Ischemic Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Xie* ◽  
Quynh Vu* ◽  
Mark Eckert ◽  
Weian Zhao ◽  
Steven C Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Quality Score ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Behavioral Measure ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
The Impact

INTRODUCTION: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are multipotent cells that support numerous restorative processes after stroke. The ease of isolation and immunoprivileged status of MSC have stimulated numerous preclinical stroke studies. We performed a meta-analysis to estimate study quality, size of behavioral effects, and the impact of variables such as timing of MSC administration in relation to stroke onset. METHODS: Studies of MSC and stroke were identified through PubMed and Web of Science. Studies of hemorrhage, not in English, or using modified MSC were excluded. A Quality Score was determined for each study, estimating methodological quality using 10 criteria derived from STAIR guidelines, with higher Quality Scores reflecting greater compliance with issues such as randomization and outcome blinding. Outcome data extracted for MSC and control arms were used to derive estimates of effect size using Cohen’s d. RESULTS: A total of 46 studies met criteria, with 39 studying rats, 6 mice, and 1 primates. There were 61 treatment groups, as some studies had >1 independent MSC treatment arms; MSC were introduced intravenously in 41, intracerebrally in 15, and intraarterially in 6. MSC source was rat in 24, human in 16, and mouse in 6. Time of MSC administration ranged from 5 weeks pre- to 1 month post-stroke. MSC dose ranged from 1x10^4 to 3.25x10^7. The median Quality Score was 6 (IQR 5-7). Quality Score was not related to time of MSC administration relative to stroke or to behavioral effect size. Median effect size was 2.05 for the Modified Neurological Severity Scale (n=23), 1.88 for Adhesive Removal Test (n=19), and 2.70 for the Rotarod Test (n=14). Effect sizes were substantial across all routes of administration and differed only for the mNSS (p<0.04), favoring the IC route. Effect size did not vary with time of MSC administration relative to stroke for any behavioral measure. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of preclinical MSC stroke studies has generally been good. MSC consistently provide very large behavioral benefits, across scales and routes of administration. The magnitude of behavioral effects was not related to the Quality Score or to the time of MSC administration relative to stroke. These findings support translation of MSC to human trials.

Reactance Proneness Assessment

2007 ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Shen ◽  
J. Dillard
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Communication ◽  
Psychological Reactance ◽  
Persuasive Messages ◽  
Motivational State ◽  
Persuasive Message ◽  
Boomerang Effect ◽  
Health Threats

The theory of psychological reactance (Brehm, 1966; Brehm & Brehm, 1981; Wicklund, 1974) has often been called upon to explain the failure of persuasive attempts, and/or the “boomerang effect” in persuasion (Buller, Borland, & Burgoon, 1998; Burgoon, Alvaro, Grandpre, & Voulodakis, 2002; Grandpre, Alvaro, Burgoon, Miller, & Hall, 2003; Ringold, 2002). The theory contends that any persuasive message may arouse a motivation to reject the advocacy. That motivation is called reactance. Reactance may be considered to be an aversive motivational state that functions to reinstate an individual’s perceptions of autonomy. Although initially investigated as a state phenomenon, it has become evident that individuals are likely to vary in their trait propensity to experience reactance. Individual differences in reactance proneness offer a useful means of segmenting target audiences, especially in the context of health communication, because individuals most at risk for various health threats are also the individuals most likely to experience reactance when exposed to persuasive messages about that health risk (e.g., Bensley & Wu, 1991).

scholarly journals Penerimaan Pesan Persuasif dari Perspektif Elaboration Likelihood Model : Iklan Layanan Masyarakat Himbauan Berhenti Merokok

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-23
Author(s):  
Chairun Nisa Dwi Putri ◽  
Alvin Gus Abdurrahman Wahid ◽  
Irwansyah Irwansyah
Keyword(s):  
Elaboration Likelihood Model ◽  
Smoking Prevention ◽  
Elaboration Likelihood ◽  
Persuasive Messages ◽  
Persuasive Message ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Likelihood Model ◽  
The Right ◽  
The University ◽  
Depth Interviews

The number of smokers among Indonesian teenagers continues to increase every year. Public service advertisements (PSA) for smoking prevention must be delivered with the right approach to be accepted in the minds of the audience. This study aims to expand on previous research on smoking prevention PSAs by testing the concept of the Elaboration Likelihood Model theory. The research method applied is exploratory qualitative which is complemented by the results of in-depth interviews with 4 participants of postgraduate students of communication science at the University of Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that attitudes towards issues and personal relevance are the factors that most influence the acceptance of persuasive messages on PSAs that prohibit smoking #SuaraTanpaRokok. Repetition can be used to increase the effectiveness of a given persuasive message.

Canines as Assistive Therapy for Treatment of PTSD

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elspeth Cameron Ritchie ◽  
Perry R. Chumley ◽  
Meg Daley Olmert ◽  
Rick A. Yount ◽  
Matthew St. Laurent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Support ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
The Past ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Human Animal

Canine-assisted therapies are being used increasingly both by veterans and the civilian community for mental and emotional support. During the past decade, a growing body of scientific research has provided evidence that human–animal interactions can improve social competence and reduce physiological, psychological, and behavioral effects of stress and social isolation. One meta-analysis that evaluated 49 published studies of animal-assisted therapy (AAT), used mainly to target mental health concerns, concluded that AAT is effective for medical well-being, for behavioral outcomes in adults, and for improving the therapy participation of children with autism and related disorders. The study also found that AAT was as effective as other interventions examined in comparison.

Does Multicultural Education Improve Students’ Racial Attitudes? Implications for Closing the Achievement Gap

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1252-1274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ogo Okoye-Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Gap ◽  
Multicultural Education ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Racial Attitudes ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Closing The Achievement Gap ◽  
Curricular Intervention ◽  
The Mean

The effects of multicultural education on the racial attitudes of students in prekindergarten through twelfth grade are examined in this meta-analysis. Multicultural education was operationalized for this study as programs and curricula dealing with racial and cultural diversity. The effect sizes of curricular intervention and reinforcement dimensions of multicultural education in suburban and urban settings among age groups 3-8 and 9-16 were compared to see the relative effectiveness of multicultural education on students’ racial attitudes. The mean effect size of 0.488 from a total of 60 effect sizes calculated using 30 studies shows that exposure to multicultural education led to a reduction in students’ racial attitudes. However, the mean effect size of 0.645 from curricular intervention studies was higher than the mean effect size of the reinforcement studies at 0.08, indicating that the curricular intervention dimension of multicultural education was more effective in reducing students’ racial attitudes. Multicultural education was more effective in reducing racial attitudes in urban areas with a mean effect size of 0.72, than in suburban areas with a mean effect size of 0.587. Multicultural education was also more effective in reducing racial attitudes among the 9-16 age group with a mean effect size of 0.751, than among the 3-8 age group with a mean effect size of 0.208. Implications for research and for practice with emphasis on closing the achievement gap that exists among the various student subgroups primarily in under achieving inner-city public schools are discussed.

Attributional versus Persuasive Messages and Explanations for Task Performance

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 745-746
Author(s):  
Tamra Hall ◽  
William R. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Causal Attributions ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Persuasive Messages ◽  
Persuasive Message

The present study investigated the effects of manipulating the content of a message (effort vs ability) and the style of a message (attributional vs persuasive) on the causal attributions an individual makes concerning his performance on a perceptual motor task. It was hypothesized that subjects receiving an attributional message would report either effort or ability, corresponding to the content of the message they received, as having a greater influence on their behavior than individuals who received a persuasive message. Subjects receiving an attributional message of ability saw luck as less important than subjects who received an attributional message of effort. In contrast, subjects who received a persuasive message of ability saw luck as being more important than effort. All other effects were nonsignificant.

Clinical Outcome Measure Crosswalks in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jakub P. Hlávka ◽  
Andrew T. Kinoshita ◽  
Samantha Fang ◽  
Adriana Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Functional Domain ◽  
Measurement Scales ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
Expert Input ◽  
State Examination

Background: A key challenge in studies that model outcomes, disease progression, and cost-effectiveness of existing and emerging dementia treatments is the lack of conversion criteria to translate, or ‘crosswalk’, scores on multiple measurement scales. Clinical status in dementia is commonly characterized in the cognitive, functional, and behavioral domains. Objective: We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed dementia measure crosswalks in the three domains. Methods: We systematically reviewed published literature for crosswalks between scales used to measure cognitive, functional, or behavioral outcomes in Alzheimer’s and related dementias. The search was conducted in PubMed, and additional crosswalks were identified through snowballing and expert input from dementia modelers. Results: Of the reviewed articles, 2,334 were identified through a PubMed search, 842 articles were sourced from backward and forward citation snowballing, and 8 additional articles were recommended through expert input. 31 papers were eligible for inclusion, listing 74 unique crosswalks. Of those, 62 (83.8%) were between endpoints of the cognitive domain and 12 (16.2%) were either between endpoints of the functional domain or were hybrid in nature. Among crosswalks exclusively in the cognitive domain, a majority involved the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (37 crosswalks) or the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and its variants (25 crosswalks). MMSE was directly compared to MoCA or MoCA variants in 16 crosswalks. Conclusion: Existing crosswalks between measures of dementia focus largely on a limited selection of outcome measures, particularly MMSE and MoCA. Few crosswalks exist in the functional domain, and no crosswalks were identified for solely behavioral measures.

Affective and Executive Network Processing Associated with Persuasive Antidrug Messages

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1136-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian S. Ramsay ◽  
Marco C. Yzer ◽  
Monica Luciana ◽  
Kathleen D. Vohs ◽  
Angus W. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Persuasive Messages ◽  
Executive Processes ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Persuasive Message ◽  
Executive Processing ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
Medial Pfc

Previous research has highlighted brain regions associated with socioemotional processes in persuasive message encoding, whereas cognitive models of persuasion suggest that executive brain areas may also be important. The current study aimed to identify lateral prefrontal brain areas associated with persuasive message viewing and understand how activity in these executive regions might interact with activity in the amygdala and medial pFC. Seventy adolescents were scanned using fMRI while they watched 10 strongly convincing antidrug public service announcements (PSAs), 10 weakly convincing antidrug PSAs, and 10 advertisements (ads) unrelated to drugs. Antidrug PSAs compared with nondrug ads more strongly elicited arousal-related activity in the amygdala and medial pFC. Within antidrug PSAs, those that were prerated as strongly persuasive versus weakly persuasive showed significant differences in arousal-related activity in executive processing areas of the lateral pFC. In support of the notion that persuasiveness involves both affective and executive processes, functional connectivity analyses showed greater coactivation between the lateral pFC and amygdala during PSAs known to be strongly (vs. weakly) convincing. These findings demonstrate that persuasive messages elicit activation in brain regions responsible for both emotional arousal and executive control and represent a crucial step toward a better understanding of the neural processes responsible for persuasion and subsequent behavior change.

scholarly journals Behavioral Problems at Age 11 Years After Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure To Acetaminophen: Parent-reported and Self-reported Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Inoue ◽  
Beate Ritz ◽  
Andreas Ernst ◽  
Wan-Ling Tseng ◽  
Yuying Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Internalizing Behaviors ◽  
Postnatal Exposure ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Estimated Risk ◽  
Strengths And Difficulties ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

Abstract Several studies have reported associations between prenatal acetaminophen exposure and behavioral outcomes in young children. We aimed to evaluate the associations of prenatal and postnatal exposures to acetaminophen with behavioral problems in children at age 11 years, using behavioral measures reported by parents and children. We studied 40,934 mother-child pairs from the Danish National Birth Cohort enrolled during 1996-2002. Parent-reported and child-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires (SDQ) were collected during the 11-year follow-up. We estimated risk ratios for behavioral problems including total difficulties, and internalizing or externalizing behaviors following prenatal (during pregnancy) or postnatal (within the first 18 months after birth) acetaminophen exposure. Parent-reported and child-reported SDQ scores were moderately correlated; higher for externalizing (r=0.59) than internalizing behaviors (r=0.49). Prenatal acetaminophen exposure was associated with 10-40% higher risks for total difficulties and internalizing and externalizing problems based on parent- or child-reported SDQ with the association being stronger for greater cumulative weeks of acetaminophen use. Postnatal exposure was associated with 16-19% higher risks for parent-reported internalizing behaviors, but the associations were weak or null for child-reported scores except for prosocial behavior. Our study corroborates published associations between prenatal exposures to acetaminophen and behavioral problems and extends the literature to early adolescence.

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