scholarly journals Bombing and Mining in War: Evidence from Cambodia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoko Kohama ◽  
Kazuto Ohtsuki ◽  
Yasutaka Tominaga
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Post War ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Instantaneous Destruction

Abstract This study explores the political-economic determinants of military strategy during civil war to explain the intensity of suffering that certain conflict zones and their inhabitants suffer due to aerial bombing and landmines. Adversaries seeking post-war rents consider distinct consequences of weapons use in the target society: bombing causes instantaneous destruction, whereas landmines cause persistent but fading negative externalities on human activities, such as labor. Thus, it is expected that economic rents with different characteristics are associated with the use of different types of weapons because the benefits derived from these rents after the conflict vary. By focusing on the nature of economic rents available in conflict zones, this study demonstrates that aerial bombing is more likely when the targeted territory relies economically on renewable resources and industries such as agriculture, whereas landmines are more likely to be used in territories endowed with perishable resources such as gemstones. An empirical analysis utilizing newly compiled geo-coded data on the locations of US airstrikes and landmine contamination during the Cambodian Civil War finds strong positive associations between agricultural productivity and the number of airstrikes, and between the proximity to large gem deposits and landmine contamination, holding major tactical variables constant. The results suggest that societies' economic structures have a sizable effect on the manner in which adversaries fight a war and, therefore, affect how people suffer from it.

scholarly journals Aid, Exclusion, and the Local Dynamics of Insurgency in Afghanistan

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Karell ◽  
Sebastian Schutte
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Local Dynamics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Hearts And Minds ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Civil War Onset

Can developmental aid bring peace to war-torn communities? The current literature is divided on this issue. One line of reasoning suggests that aid is likely to decrease violence by improving employment and prosperity, thereby making participation in conflict more costly. Another view cites evidence showing an association between aid projects and increased insurgent activity. Addressing this contradiction, we argue that different types of aid projects lead to different outcomes, as some projects foster an unequal distribution of benefits within communities. Our reasoning draws on qualitative accounts from conflict zones, recent research on how grievances associated with exclusion can foster civil war onset, and experimental findings regarding perceived inequity and punishment. Building on this scholarship, we use a recently developed event-matching methodology to offer insight from contemporary Afghani- stan. Aid projects that tend to exclude portions of the community yield more insurgent activity in their wake than more inclusive projects. These results shed light on why some aid projects reduce violence while others do not, emphasizing that efforts to ‘win hearts and minds’ can be a source of both contentment and contestation.

scholarly journals A toolkit with nine district types to support municipalities in taking an integrated approach to prevention

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Storm ◽  
Nikkie Post ◽  
Antonia Verweij ◽  
Karlijn Leenaars
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
District Health ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Post War ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
City Centres ◽  
Health And Well Being

Abstract Background Not only do people differ in their health, so do districts within municipalities. For example, city centres have different characteristics and health issues than villages or post-war neighbourhoods. This is why the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment has developed a toolkit, ‘Prevention in the district’, based on nine different types of district. Methods The aim of the toolkit is to help municipalities implement an integrated approach to prevention by providing tailored, practical information. We therefore looked at the best way to improve the connection between the available knowledge and local needs. Based on data analysis, expert opinion and working sessions with professionals and local policymakers, we developed a toolkit with three related tools. Results The following tools were developed: 1) nine district types with their prominent characteristics and 14 themes for prevention (ranging from loneliness to overweight); 2) a data guide containing a set of indicators to assess the district health profile; 3) a prevention guide containing a mix of evidence-based interventions for the 14 themes. The tools are presented in a toolkit (a clickable PDF) to emphasise the fact that they form a coherent whole. The link between data and interventions is considered to be particularly innovative. Conclusion The three tools support the improvement of the health and well-being of residents in a district. The first indications are that the toolkit empowers municipalities and lets them work towards an integrated approach. An integrated approach in both district health profiles and district plans could also serve as an example for other countries.

scholarly journals Aid, exclusion, and the local dynamics of insurgency in Afghanistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 711-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Karell ◽  
Sebastian Schutte
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Local Dynamics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Hearts And Minds ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Civil War Onset

Can developmental aid bring peace to war-torn communities? The current literature is divided on this issue. One line of reasoning suggests that aid is likely to decrease violence by improving employment and prosperity, thereby making participation in conflict more costly. Another view cites evidence showing an association between aid projects and increased insurgent activity. Addressing this contradiction, we argue that different types of aid projects lead to different outcomes, as some projects foster an unequal distribution of benefits within communities. Our reasoning draws on qualitative accounts from conflict zones, recent research on how grievances associated with exclusion can foster civil war onset, and experimental findings regarding perceived inequity and punishment. Building on this scholarship, we use a recently developed event-matching methodology to offer insight from contemporary Afghanistan. Aid projects that tend to exclude portions of the community yield more insurgent activity in their wake than more inclusive projects. These results shed light on why some aid projects reduce violence while others do not, emphasizing that efforts to ‘win hearts and minds’ can be a source of both contentment and contestation.

Metamorphoses of memory of the the Russian-Serbian Brotherhood of War in Modern Serbia

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 142-156
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Timofeev
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Party System ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Second World

The article considers the perception of World War II in modern Serbian society. Despite the stability of Serbian-Russian shared historical memory, the attitudes of both countries towards World wars differ. There is a huge contrast in the perception of the First and Second World War in Russian and Serbian societies. For the Serbs the events of World War II are obscured by the memories of the Civil War, which broke out in the country immediately after the occupation in 1941 and continued several years after 1945. Over 70% of Yugoslavs killed during the Second World War were slaughtered by the citizens of former Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The terror unleashed by Tito in the first postwar decade in 1944-1954 was proportionally bloodier than Stalin repressions in the postwar USSR. The number of emigrants from Yugoslavia after the establishment of the Tito's dictatorship was proportionally equal to the number of refugees from Russia after the Civil War (1,5-2% of prewar population). In the post-war years, open manipulations with the obvious facts of World War II took place in Tito's Yugoslavia. In the 1990s the memories repressed during the communist years were set free and publicly debated. After the fall of the one-party system the memory of World War II was devalued. The memory of the Russian-Serbian military fraternity forged during the World War II began to revive in Serbia due to the foreign policy changes in 2008. In October 2008 the President of Russia paid a visit to Serbia which began the process of (re) construction of World War II in Serbian historical memory. According to the public opinion surveys, a positive attitude towards Russia and Russians in Serbia strengthens the memories on general resistance to Nazism with memories of fratricide during the civil conflict events of 1941-1945 still dominating in Serbian society.

From Cycling Priests to the ‘Sportsman's Pope’. Italy, Sport and the Catholic Church

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Martin
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Democratic Society ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Tour De France ◽  
Alternative Culture ◽  
National Life ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Church ◽  
Regime Analysis

This article surveys the Catholic Church's exploitation of sport in Liberal (1861–1922), Fascist (1922–1943), and post-war Italy. It examines how and why the Church overcame its initial reticence to embrace sport and turn it into a fundamental pillar of an alternative culture that challenged the monopoly of national sporting federations. Following the rise of Fascism, sport became one of the principal means by which the Church resisted a complete takeover by the regime. Analysis of the devout Catholic cyclist Gino Bartali reveals how the Church maintained its identity and tradition of sporting independence despite the inevitable suppression of Catholic sporting organisations. Culminating in an examination of the ‘immortalisation’ of Bartali after his win in the 1948 Tour De France – a victory popularly credited with saving Italy from civil war – the article illuminates the processes by which sport became a central feature of Catholicism in national life. It highlights the Church's contribution to the development of Italian sport, assesses the wider impact of sport's role in forming alternative cultures, and argues that sport perfectly positioned the Church to respond to the demands of Reconstruction Italy and provided opportunities to secure a post-war Christian Democratic society.

scholarly journals PRIORITY DIRECTIONS OF NATIONAL SECURITY FINANCING UNDER HYBRID WARFARE CONDITIONS: GLOBAL AND UKRAINIAN CONTEXTS

2018 ◽  
pp. 275-291
Author(s):  
Vitalina Kuryliak ◽  
Alexander Sokhatsky
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
Economic Information ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Equipment Development ◽  
Political Economic

The paper made analysis of the world security situation and confirms the expansion of conflict zones and change in warfare forms. The main feature of the international confrontation in the 21stcentury is the use of not only military force but also political, economic, information and other means of non-military character meant by the hybrid warfare concept. The authors singled out the tendency for national security expenses increase and change of priorities in their use. The main shortcomings of the system of national security functioning were identified, the consequence was used by Russia to re­venge its influence, invade the territory of Ukraine and occupy the Crimea. The necessity of counteracting the imperial ambitions of Russia in the context of its hybrid warfare set Ukraine the urgent task to create an effective security and de­fence sector, build up and restructure its military spending. The paper emphasizes that the priority areas for financing the security and defence sectors in Ukraine are modernization of armaments and military equipment, development and procurement of the latest types of weapons, growth of research and development projects in the field of military affairs and related branches like aviation and space.

scholarly journals REVIEW: 'Embedded' with the invaded Iraqi people

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 220-224
Author(s):  
David Robie
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Personal Account ◽  
The People ◽  
Chain Of Command ◽  
Post War ◽  
Policy Failures ◽  
Insight Into

Wilson's Long drive Through A Short War is a personal account of their time in Iraq during the invasion and a subsequent post-war visit to the country to see the fate of the people he had met.  Hersh's Chain of Command provides many of the missing links to those seeking greater insight into the wider struggle of Iraq's civil war unleashed by the failure of US post-invasion policy, even if this is not officially admitted. His 'muckracking' investigations concentrate on the policy failures, corruptions and abuses of power. 

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