From Maximizing to Minimizing: A National Study of State Bureaucrats and Their Budget Preferences

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Arapis ◽  
Cynthia Bowling
Keyword(s):  
Associated Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
State Agency ◽  
National Study ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
State Budgeting ◽  
State Administrators ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract Since the 1960s, public choice theorists have stigmatized bureaucrats as budget maximizers who only care for expanding their own agencies. Despite evidence revealing much more diverse budget behaviors, scholars have almost exclusively focused on studying budget maximizing and its associated factors. To address this limitation, this study employs a multi-level cross-classified logistic regression model to explore factors associated with budget-minimizing preferences or goals instead. While budget preferences may differ from actual budget requests, where administrators may ask for higher or lower funding, they are the initial goals for strategic budgetary requests and deserve attention. Using four decades of the American State Administrators Project (1974–2008), we analyzed responses from eight surveys reflecting the views of approximately 9,500 state agency administrators across all years. We found a notable number of state administrators holding no aspirations for agency or state budget expansion—budget minimizers. As is the case when administrators formulate their actual strategic budget requests, agency heads’ ultimate goals are shaped by not only the characteristics and internal attitudes of administrators but also by the entire context in which agency heads are embedded. Governors, clientele groups, state budgeting rules, and the fiscal environment all played a role when state administrators formed minimizing budget preferences. Interestingly, while some of these actors continually helped shape budget minimizing over time, others had more limited or time-bound effects.

scholarly journals Factors associated with fecal-shedding of Salmonella spp by horses on US operations

2002 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.C. Losinger ◽  
J.L. Traub-Dargatz ◽  
L.P. Garber ◽  
P.J. Fedorka-Cray ◽  
S. Ladely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Fecal Specimen ◽  
National Study ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Data Collector ◽  
The Usa

In a cross-sectional national study that included 972 operations with > 3 horses on 1/1/98 in 28 states in the USA, 8,417 fecal specimens were collected from horses and cultured to test for the presence of Salmonella spp. Operations were characterized as Salmonella spp-positive if at least one fecal specimen tested positive for Salmonella spp. Percentages of Salmonella spp-positive operations were computed by management and other factors (collected from operation-level questionnaires) that were hypothesized to be related to fecal shedding of Salmonella spp. A logistic-regression model was constructed to identify factors associated with horses’ shedding Salmonella spp in feces on an operation. The odds of an operation being Salmonella spp positive increased as the number of resident horses increased. In addition, the following factors were found to be associated with increased odds of an operation being Salmonella spp positive: horses were used primarily for breeding; operation cleanliness was characterized as poor by the data collector; and new resident equids had been added to the operation without routine quarantine.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution and Factors Associated with Low birth weight in Ethiopia using data from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016; Spatial and Multilevel analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alemneh Mekuriaw Liyew ◽  
Malede Mequanent Sisay ◽  
Achenef Asmamaw Muche
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Spatial Scan Statistics ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Spatial Scan

Abstract Background Low birth weight (LBW) is a leading cause of neonatal mortality. In Ethiopia, it is a public health problem that contributes to the majority of newborn deaths. To date, the effect of contextual factors on LBW was largely overlooked in Ethiopia. Besides, there is also limited evidence on the geographic variation of low birth weight in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to explore spatial distribution as well as individual and community-level factors associated with low birth weight in Ethiopia. Method: Secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. A total of 1502 neonates were included in this study. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted to assess the spatial dependency of LBW. Besides, the spatial scan statistics and ordinary kriging interpolation were done to detect the local level clusters and to assess predicted risk areas respectively. Furthermore, a multi-level logistic regression model was fitted to determine individual and community-level factors associated with low birth weight. Finally, most likely clusters with log-likelihood ratio (LLR), relative risk and p-value from spatial scan statistics, and AOR with 95% CI for multi-level logistic regression model were reported. Results Low birth weight was spatially clustered in Ethiopia. Primary (LLR = 11.57; P = 0.002) clusters were detected in the Amhara region. It showed that neonates within the spatial window had 2.66 times higher risk of being LBW baby as compared to those outside the window. Besides, secondary (LLR = 11.4; P = 0.003;LLR = 10.14,P = 0.0075) clusters were identified at Southwest Oromia, north Oromia, south Afar, and Southeast Amhara regions. Neonates who were born from severely anemic (AOR = 1.47;95%CI 1.04,2.01), and uneducated (AOR = 1.82;95%CI1.12,2.96) mothers, as well as those who were born before 37 weeks of gestation (AOR = 5.91;95%CI3.21,10.10) and females (AOR = 1.38;95%CI1.04,1.84), had significantly higher odds of being low birth weight babies. Conclusion The high-risk areas of low birth weight were detected in Afar, Amhara, and Oromia regions. Therefore, targeting the policy interventions in those risk areas by focusing on the improvement of maternal education, strengthening anemia control programs and elimination of modifiable causes of prematurity could be vital for reduce the low birth weight disparity in Ethiopia.

Disengaging elections? Political interest, number of elections, and turnout in elections to the European Parliament

2021 ◽  
pp. 146511652199845
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Nonnemacher
Keyword(s):  
Political Behavior ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
National Study ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
European Election ◽  
Using Data ◽  
European Parliament Elections ◽  
Cross National Study

Since direct elections to the European Parliament began in 1979, variations in voting behavior in European Parliament elections from national elections have raised interesting questions about political behavior. I add to a growing literature that explores turnout in European Parliament elections by focusing on the count of national elections between European Parliament elections. Through a cross-national study of elections, I find that turnout decreases in the European Parliament contest following cycles with numerous national contests. Then, using data from the European Election Study, I argue that this is the result of frequent elections decreasing turnout particularly among already low interest voters who stay home. My findings have implications for how formal rules of multi-level elections shape political behavior more generally and voter fatigue in particular.

scholarly journals Severe stunting and its associated factors among children aged 6–59 months in Ethiopia; multilevel ordinal logistic regression model

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amare Muche ◽  
Reta Dewau
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Maternal Height ◽  
Severe Stunting ◽  
Mothers And Children ◽  
Ordinal Logistic Regression Model

Abstract Background In Ethiopia, stunting is the most common form of undernutriton. Identifying the determinants of severe stunting among children is crucial for public health interventions to improve child health. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the determinants of severe stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study design was employed. A two stage stratified cluster sampling technique was used. A multilevel ordinal logistic regression model was fitted to identify independent determinants. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and median odds ratio (MOR) with its 95% confidence interval at p-value< 0.05 were used to declare statistical significance. Results The result of this study showed that about 18% of the children were severely stunted. Being male increased the severity of stunting in children by 26% adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.26 (95% CI: 1.09–1.46), compared to female sex; over-weight mothers increased the severity of stunting in their children AOR: 3.43 (95% CI: 2.21–5.33) compared to normal BMI mothers; and children from middle, poorer, and poorest wealth index households were 1.84 (95% CI:1.27–2.67), 2.13 (95% CI, CI:1.45–3.14) and 2.52 (95% CI,1.72–3.68). In contrast, severe stunting was reduced by 62% (AOR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.20–0.74) and 48% (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.37–0.72) in children of educated mothers compared to children of uneducated mothers and children of underweight mothers compared with those children of normal BMI mothers respectively. For each one-unit increase in maternal height, there is a 5% significant reduction in the child’s odds of being severely stunted. After controlling for other factors, the effect of predictors on the likelihood of stunting in high risk clusters increased by a median odds ratio (MOR) of 1.83 (95% CI: 1.69–2.00). Conclusions The magnitude of severe childhood stunting was still high with regional variation in Ethiopia. Child age, sex, maternal height, age, education and household wealth index as well as administrative regions were significantly associated factors with severe stunting. Significant interventions shall be implemented at the individual, household and community levels in order to reduce the problem.

scholarly journals Use of Folk Therapy in Taiwan: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey of Prevalence and Associated Factors

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Chuan Shih ◽  
Lu-Hsiang Huang ◽  
Hsin-Long Lane ◽  
Chin-Chuan Tsai ◽  
Jaung-Geng Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
National Health ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Medical Utilization ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Unhealthy Lifestyle ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Factors Associated

Background. This study investigates the prevalence of and factors associated with users of folk therapy in Taiwan.Methods. Using data from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey and the National Health Insurance Research Database, we identified 16,750 adults aged 20 years and older. Sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, medical utilization, and health behaviors were compared between people using and not using folk therapy. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of factors associated with folk therapy were analyzed.Results. The one-month prevalence of folk therapy use was 6.8%, which was significantly associated with ages of 30–59 years (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.49–2.63), women (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.40–1.90), nonindigenous population (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.14–3.17), having two or more unhealthy lifestyle habits (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.26–1.81), high density of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) physicians (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.20–1.62), and being ill without receiving medical care in past six months (OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.76–2.53). Medical care utilization of TCM and Western medicine were also associated factors for folk therapy.Conclusions. The use of folk therapy is correlated with sociodemographics, lifestyle and health behaviors.

Abstract P500: Outcomes of Mechanical Thrombectomy in Patients With Low Aspects: Insights From Star

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Hubbard ◽  
Guilherme B Porto ◽  
Sami Al Kasab ◽  
Eyad Almallouhi ◽  
Alejandro M Spiotta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Mechanical Thrombectomy ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Large Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Procedure Time ◽  
Large Core ◽  
Common Site ◽  
Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Core Infarct

Introduction: Patients with poor baseline images were excluded from most clinical trials so the data about whether these patients could benefit from MT remains unknown. In this study, we aim to investigate the safety and efficacy of MT in patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) and large core infarct (LCI). Methods: The Stroke Thrombectomy and Aneurysm Registry (STAR) was interrogated. We included thrombectomy patients presenting with LVO within 24 hours and with a LCI as defined by Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) < 6. Patients presenting within 6 hours of last known normal (LKN) were considered in the early window and patients presenting after 6 hours were considered in the late window. 90-day outcomes were assessed. We used a logistic regression model to assess the factors associated with good 90-day outcome in patients in the early and late windows. Results: 144 patients were included in this study (table). Median age was 69 and 92 (64%) patients were treated in the early MT window. ICA was the most common site of occlusion (48.6%) and ADAPT was used in 34.7%. Admission NIHSS was 17.5. Successful recanalization (TICI>2b) was achieved in 84.7% and median procedure time was 54 minutes. sICH hemorrhage was observed in 22 (15.3%). Median mRS was 4 at 90 days. Favorable outcome was observed in 41 patients (28.5%) and mortality occurred in in 59 (41%). There was no difference in 90-day functional outcome between patients in early and late windows. In patients presenting in the early window, age (aOR=0.905, p=0.0002) and baseline NIHSS (aOR=0.909, p=0.0423) were independently associated with 90-day outcome. In patients presenting in the late window, only age (aOR=0.934, p=0.0069) was independently associated with good outcome. Conclusion: More than one in four patients presenting with ASPECTS<6 may achieve functional independence at 90-day following MT. Patient age remains the main predictor of 90-day outcome in patients with low ASPECTS in both late and early windows.

Vietnamese–Australian children’s language proficiency and use

2021 ◽  
pp. 136700692110345
Author(s):  
Van H Tran ◽  
Cen Wang ◽  
Sharynne McLeod ◽  
Sarah Verdon
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Language Ideologies ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Language Practices ◽  
Language Management ◽  
Factors Associated

Aim: To explore Vietnamese–Australian children’s proficiency and use of Vietnamese and English and identify associated factors that are related to demographics, language practices, language ideologies, and language management. Methodology: Vietnamese–Australian parents ( n = 151) completed a questionnaire (in English or Vietnamese) regarding their child’s language proficiency and use, demographic details and a range of factors as conceptualized by Spolsky’s language policy theory: language practices; language ideologies; and language management. Data and analysis: Bivariate analyses (Pearson’s correlation and analysis of variance) and multiple regression models were conducted to explore associations between language proficiency and use and associated factors and identify the most significant factors. Findings/conclusions: Factors associated with children’s Vietnamese language proficiency (oral/written) included: demographic factors; language practices; language ideologies; and language management. In contrast, children’s English language proficiency (oral/written) was linked to demographic factors and language practices. Children’s Vietnamese language use was not significantly correlated with demographics but rather with language practices, language ideologies, and language management. Children’s home language use and proficiency did not have a negative impact upon their English proficiency. Originality: This study is the first to consider factors associated with Vietnamese–Australian children’s language proficiency and use. Significance/implications: Demographic factors, language practices, language ideologies, and language management were associated with children’s language proficiency and use. The results can be used by parents, educators, policy-makers, speech–language pathologists and other professionals to support Vietnamese–Australian and multilingual children around the world to develop and maintain their home and majority languages.

Abstract P88: Risk of Stroke in Hospitalized SARS-Cov-2 Infected Patients a Multinational Population-Based Study

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shima Shahjouei ◽  
Soheil Naderi ◽  
Jiang Li ◽  
Durgesh Chaudhary ◽  
Christoph Griessenauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Ischemic Heart Disease ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Sinus Thrombosis ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Ischemic Heart ◽  
National Study ◽  
Meta Analyses

The goal of this study was to better depict the short-term risk of stroke and its associated factors among SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized patients. Data Source: This multicenter, multinational observational study includes hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 patients from North and South America (United States, Canada, and Brazil), Europe (Greece, Italy, Finland, and Turkey), Asia (Lebanon, Iran, and India), and Oceania (New Zealand). Main Outcomes and Measures: The outcome was the risk of subsequent stroke (ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, cerebral venous/sinus thrombosis). The counts and clinical characteristics including laboratory findings and imaging of the patients with and without a subsequent stroke were recorded according to a predefined study protocol. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Quality, risk of bias, and heterogeneity assessments were conducted according to ROBINS-E and Cochrane Q-test. The risk of subsequent stroke was estimated through meta-analyses with random effect models. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the associated factors with the outcome measure. The study was reported according to the STROBE, MOOSE, and EQUATOR guidelines. Results: We received data from 18,311 hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 patients from 77 tertiary centers in 46 regions of 11 countries until May 1 st , 2020. A total of 17,799 patients were included in meta-analyses. Among them, 156(0.9%) patients had a stroke—123(79%) ischemic stroke, 27(17%) intracerebral/subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 6(4%) cerebral sinus thrombosis. Subsequent stroke risks calculated with meta-analyses, under low to moderate heterogeneity, were 0.5% among all centers in all countries, and 0.7% among countries with higher health expenditures. The need for mechanical ventilation (OR: 1.9, 95% CI:1.1-3.5, p = 0.03) and the presence of ischemic heart disease (OR: 2.5, 95% CI:1.4-4.7, p =0·006) were predictive of stroke. Conclusion and Relevance: The results of this multi-national study on hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection indicated an overall stroke risk of 0.5% (pooled risk: 0.9%). The need for mechanical ventilation and the history of ischemic heart disease are the independent predictors of stroke among SARS-CoV-2 patients.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document