CLE peptides and their signaling pathways in plant development

Strigolactones (SLs) and karrikins (KARs) are both butenolide molecules that play essential roles in plant growth and development. SLs are phytohormones, with SLs having known functions within the plant they are produced in, while KARs are found in smoke emitted from burning plant matter and affect seeds and seedlings in areas of wildfire. It has been suggested that SL and KAR signaling may share similar mechanisms. The α/β hydrolases DWARF14 (D14) and KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2), which act as receptors of SL and KAR, respectively, both interact with the F-box protein MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2) in order to target SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1 (SMAX1)-LIKE/D53 family members for degradation via the 26S proteasome. Recent reports suggest that SLs and/or KARs are also involved in regulating plant responses and adaptation to various abiotic stresses, particularly nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity, and chilling. There is also crosstalk with other hormone signaling pathways, including auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin (CK), and ethylene (ET), under normal and abiotic stress conditions. This review briefly covers the biosynthetic and signaling pathways of SLs and KARs, compares their functions in plant growth and development, and reviews the effects of any crosstalk between SLs or KARs and other plant hormones at various stages of plant development. We also focus on the distinct responses, adaptations, and regulatory mechanisms related to SLs and/or KARs in response to various abiotic stresses. The review closes with discussion on ways to gain additional insights into the SL and KAR pathways and the crosstalk between these related phytohormones.

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WOX going on: CLE peptides in plant development

Current Opinion in Plant Biology ◽

10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102056 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 63 ◽

pp. 102056

Author(s):

Andrew C. Willoughby ◽

Zachary L. Nimchuk

Keyword(s):

Plant Development ◽

Cle Peptides

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The Protein Phosphatase PP2A Plays Multiple Roles in Plant Development by Regulation of Vesicle Traffic—Facts and Questions

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22020975 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 975

Author(s):

Csaba Máthé ◽

Márta M-Hamvas ◽

Csongor Freytag ◽

Tamás Garda

Keyword(s):

Signaling Pathways ◽

Plant Development ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Protein Phosphatase ◽

Cell Plate ◽

Eukaryotic Cell ◽

Microtubule Organization ◽

Intracellular Traffic ◽

Vesicle Traffic ◽

Auxin Distribution

The protein phosphatase PP2A is essential for the control of integrated eukaryotic cell functioning. Several cellular and developmental events, e.g., plant growth regulator (PGR) mediated signaling pathways are regulated by reversible phosphorylation of vesicle traffic proteins. Reviewing present knowledge on the relevant role of PP2A is timely. We discuss three aspects: (1) PP2A regulates microtubule-mediated vesicle delivery during cell plate assembly. PP2A dephosphorylates members of the microtubule associated protein family MAP65, promoting their binding to microtubules. Regulation of phosphatase activity leads to changes in microtubule organization, which affects vesicle traffic towards cell plate and vesicle fusion to build the new cell wall between dividing cells. (2) PP2A-mediated inhibition of target of rapamycin complex (TORC) dependent signaling pathways contributes to autophagy and this has possible connections to the brassinosteroid signaling pathway. (3) Transcytosis of vesicles transporting PIN auxin efflux carriers. PP2A regulates vesicle localization and recycling of PINs related to GNOM (a GTP–GDP exchange factor) mediated pathways. The proper intracellular traffic of PINs is essential for auxin distribution in the plant body, thus in whole plant development. Overall, PP2A has essential roles in membrane interactions of plant cell and it is crucial for plant development and stress responses.

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Peptide Signaling Pathways Regulate Plant Vascular Development

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.719606 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Bingjian Yuan ◽

Huanzhong Wang

Keyword(s):

Signaling Pathways ◽

Plant Hormone ◽

Vascular Development ◽

Cell Communication ◽

Peptide Ligands ◽

Small Peptides ◽

Cambial Cell ◽

Peptide Signaling ◽

Cle Peptides ◽

Hormone Signals

Plant small peptides, including CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED (CLE) and Epidermal Patterning Factor-Like (EPFL) peptides, play pivotal roles in coordinating developmental processes through cell-cell communication. Recent studies have revealed that the phloem-derived CLE peptides, CLE41/44 and CLE42, promote (pro-)cambial cell proliferation and inhibit xylem cell differentiation. The endodermis-derived EPFL peptides, EPFL4 and EPFL6, modulate vascular development in the stem. Further, several other peptide ligands CLE9, CLE10, and CLE45 play crucial roles in regulating vascular development in the root. The peptide signaling pathways interact with each other and crosstalk with plant hormone signals. In this mini-review, we summtarize the recent advances on peptides function in vascular development and discuss future perspectives for the research of the CLE and EPFL peptides.

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A compendium of G-protein–coupled receptors and cyclic nucleotide regulation of adipose tissue metabolism and energy expenditure

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20190579 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 134 (5) ◽

pp. 473-512 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ryan P. Ceddia ◽

Sheila Collins

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

G Protein ◽

Uncoupling Protein ◽

Beige Adipocytes ◽

Nucleotide Regulation ◽

Ucp1 Expression ◽

Thermogenic Adipocytes ◽

G Protein Coupled

Abstract With the ever-increasing burden of obesity and Type 2 diabetes, it is generally acknowledged that there remains a need for developing new therapeutics. One potential mechanism to combat obesity is to raise energy expenditure via increasing the amount of uncoupled respiration from the mitochondria-rich brown and beige adipocytes. With the recent appreciation of thermogenic adipocytes in humans, much effort is being made to elucidate the signaling pathways that regulate the browning of adipose tissue. In this review, we focus on the ligand–receptor signaling pathways that influence the cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, in adipocytes. We chose to focus on G-protein–coupled receptor (GPCR), guanylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase regulation of adipocytes because they are the targets of a large proportion of all currently available therapeutics. Furthermore, there is a large overlap in their signaling pathways, as signaling events that raise cAMP or cGMP generally increase adipocyte lipolysis and cause changes that are commonly referred to as browning: increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and respiration.

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