Peptide Signaling Pathways Regulate Plant Vascular Development

Plant small peptides, including CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED (CLE) and Epidermal Patterning Factor-Like (EPFL) peptides, play pivotal roles in coordinating developmental processes through cell-cell communication. Recent studies have revealed that the phloem-derived CLE peptides, CLE41/44 and CLE42, promote (pro-)cambial cell proliferation and inhibit xylem cell differentiation. The endodermis-derived EPFL peptides, EPFL4 and EPFL6, modulate vascular development in the stem. Further, several other peptide ligands CLE9, CLE10, and CLE45 play crucial roles in regulating vascular development in the root. The peptide signaling pathways interact with each other and crosstalk with plant hormone signals. In this mini-review, we summtarize the recent advances on peptides function in vascular development and discuss future perspectives for the research of the CLE and EPFL peptides.

Recent advances in peptide signaling during Arabidopsis root development

Roots provide the plant with water and nutrients and anchor plants in a substrate. Root development is controlled by plant hormones and various sets of transcription factors. Recently, various small peptides and their cognate receptors have been identified to control root development. Small peptides bind to membrane-localized receptor-like kinases, inducing their dimerization with coreceptor proteins for signaling activation and giving rise to cellular signaling outputs. Small peptides function as local and long-distance signaling molecules involved in cell-to-cell communication networks, coordinating root development. In this review, we survey recent advances in the peptide ligand-mediated signaling pathways involved in the control of root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. We describe the interconnection between peptide signaling and conventional phytohormone signaling. Additionally, we discuss diversities of identified peptide-receptor interactions during plant root development.

Direct interactions with commensal streptococci modify intercellular communication behaviors of Streptococcus mutans

The formation of dental caries is a complex process that ultimately leads to damage of the tooth enamel from acids produced by microbes in attached biofilms. The bacterial interactions occurring within these biofilms between cariogenic bacteria, such as the mutans streptococci, and health-associated commensal streptococci, are thought to be critical determinants of health and disease. To better understand these interactions, a Streptococcus mutans reporter strain that actively monitors cell–cell communication via peptide signaling was cocultured with different commensal streptococci. Signaling by S. mutans, normally highly active in monoculture, was completely inhibited by several species of commensals, but only when the bacteria were in direct contact with S. mutans. We identified a novel gene expression pattern that occurred in S. mutans when cultured directly with these commensals. Finally, mutant derivatives of commensals lacking previously shown antagonistic gene products displayed wild-type levels of signal inhibition in cocultures. Collectively, these results reveal a novel pathway(s) in multiple health-associated commensal streptococci that blocks peptide signaling and induces a common contact-dependent pattern of differential gene expression in S. mutans. Understanding the molecular basis for this inhibition will assist in the rational design of new risk assessments, diagnostics, and treatments for the most pervasive oral infectious diseases.

Peran Mikrobiota Usus Terhadap kondisi Obesitas

The gut microbiota has been recognized as an important factor in the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and is considered an endocrine organ involved in the maintenance of energy homeostasis and immunity. Intestinal dysbiosis can alter gastrointestinal peptide production associated with satiety, resulting in increased food intake. In obese people, this dysbiosis appears to be associated with increased gut microbiota has been implicated in the control of food intake and satiety via intestinal peptide signaling, in which bacterial products activate enteroen-docrine cells by modulating enterocyte-produced paracrine signaling molecules. The gut microbiota can increase the production of certain SCFAs, which have been shown to be associated with increased production of YY (PYY) peptides, ghrelin, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). The purpose of this study was to Article Review by looking at the topic of the gut microbiota and obesity by using research with quantitative meta-analysis methods based on previous research. This research method uses the article review method. The data source of this research comes from literature obtained via the internet in the form of research results from international journals in 2010-2020. The results of this study from a total of 50 journals, which the authors have reviewed, concluded that the role of the gut microbiota in energy regulation, studies have linked the gut microbiota with the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and inflammation in obesity. It is known that obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. The gut microbiota has been implicated in the control of food intake and satiety through intestinal peptide signaling, in which bacterial products activate enteroen-docrine cells by modulating the enterocyte-produced paracrine signaling molecules. The conclusion of this study based on the results of the study found that the effect of intestinal microbiotas on obesity.