scholarly journals Comparing and Contrasting the Multiple Roles of Butenolide Plant Growth Regulators: Strigolactones and Karrikins in Plant Development and Adaptation to Abiotic Stresses

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 6270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Yang ◽  
Yuke Lian ◽  
Chongying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Matter

Strigolactones (SLs) and karrikins (KARs) are both butenolide molecules that play essential roles in plant growth and development. SLs are phytohormones, with SLs having known functions within the plant they are produced in, while KARs are found in smoke emitted from burning plant matter and affect seeds and seedlings in areas of wildfire. It has been suggested that SL and KAR signaling may share similar mechanisms. The α/β hydrolases DWARF14 (D14) and KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2), which act as receptors of SL and KAR, respectively, both interact with the F-box protein MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2) in order to target SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1 (SMAX1)-LIKE/D53 family members for degradation via the 26S proteasome. Recent reports suggest that SLs and/or KARs are also involved in regulating plant responses and adaptation to various abiotic stresses, particularly nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity, and chilling. There is also crosstalk with other hormone signaling pathways, including auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin (CK), and ethylene (ET), under normal and abiotic stress conditions. This review briefly covers the biosynthetic and signaling pathways of SLs and KARs, compares their functions in plant growth and development, and reviews the effects of any crosstalk between SLs or KARs and other plant hormones at various stages of plant development. We also focus on the distinct responses, adaptations, and regulatory mechanisms related to SLs and/or KARs in response to various abiotic stresses. The review closes with discussion on ways to gain additional insights into the SL and KAR pathways and the crosstalk between these related phytohormones.

scholarly journals Crosstalk with Jasmonic Acid Integrates Multiple Responses in Plant Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geupil Jang ◽  
Youngdae Yoon ◽  
Yang Do Choi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Hormonal Responses ◽  
Environmental Responses

To date, extensive studies have identified many classes of hormones in plants and revealed the specific, nonredundant signaling pathways for each hormone. However, plant hormone functions largely overlap in many aspects of plant development and environmental responses, suggesting that studying the crosstalk among plant hormones is key to understanding hormonal responses in plants. The phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) is deeply involved in the regulation of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, a growing number of studies suggest that JA plays an essential role in the modulation of plant growth and development under stress conditions, and crosstalk between JA and other phytohormones involved in growth and development, such as gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinin, and auxin modulate various developmental processes. This review summarizes recent findings of JA crosstalk in the modulation of plant growth and development, focusing on JA–GA, JA–cytokinin, and JA–auxin crosstalk. The molecular mechanisms underlying this crosstalk are also discussed.

scholarly journals Signaling Peptides Regulating Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Sun Kim ◽  
Byeong Wook Jeon ◽  
Jungmook Kim
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Phosphate Deficiency ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Signaling Peptides

As sessile organisms, plants are exposed to constantly changing environments that are often stressful for their growth and development. To cope with these stresses, plants have evolved complex and sophisticated stress-responsive signaling pathways regulating the expression of transcription factors and biosynthesis of osmolytes that confer tolerance to plants. Signaling peptides acting like phytohormones control various aspects of plant growth and development via cell-cell communication networks. These peptides are typically recognized by membrane-embedded receptor-like kinases, inducing activation of cellular signaling to control plant growth and development. Recent studies have revealed that several signaling peptides play important roles in plant responses to abiotic stress. In this mini review, we provide recent findings on the roles and signaling pathways of peptides that are involved in coordinating plant responses to abiotic stresses, such as dehydration, high salinity, reactive oxygen species, and heat. We also discuss recent developments in signaling peptides that play a role in plant adaptation responses to nutrient deficiency stress, focusing on nitrogen and phosphate deficiency responses.

Nutrient Deficiency Stress and Relation with Plant Growth and Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 239-262
Author(s):  
Saghir Abbas ◽  
Amna ◽  
Muhammad Tariq Javed ◽  
Qasim Ali ◽  
Muhammad Azeem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Plant Growth And Development

Brassinosteroids roles and applications: an up-date

Biologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yamilet Coll ◽  
Francisco Coll ◽  
Asunción Amorós ◽  
Merardo Pujol
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractBrassinosteroids are plant steroidal compounds involved in many functions related with plant development, metabolism, signalling and defense against a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant architecture, which has a major effect on crop yield, is strongly influenced by brassinosteroids action. Brassinosteroids are recognized as key regulators of plant growth and development involved in a broad spectrum of processes at the molecular, cellular, and physiological levels. These roles suggest that many of the constraints of present agricultural production might be alleviated by manipulation of genetic determinants dealing with brassinosteroids, as well as by its exogenous application. Brassinosteroids are natural, nontoxic, non-genotoxic, biosafe, and eco-friendly, and can therefore be used in agriculture and horticulture to improve the growth, yields, quality, and tolerance of various plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. The present paper comprehensively reviews the latest results in the field of brassinosteroids and envisages future impacts in agriculture.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT QUALITY ON ENDOGENOUS CYTOKININ LEVELS IN IPT-TRANSGENIC TOBACCO

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 756f-757
Author(s):  
Sandra B. Wilson ◽  
Dennis R. Decoteau
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Nicotiana Plumbaginifolia ◽  
Zeatin Riboside ◽  
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Virus Promoter

Similarities exist between the effects of phytochrome and cytokinins on plant growth and development (e.g., chloroplast development, amaranthin synthesis, seed germination). It is unclear, however, if and how these two systems interact. The coaction between phytochrome and cytokinins was investigated by using Nicotiana plumbaginifolia plants transformed with the isopentenyl transferase (ipt) cytokinin gene and treated with end-of-day (EOD) red (R) and far-red (FR) light. The ipt gene was under control of either a constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (35S-plants) or an inducible, heat shock promoter (HS-plants). When treated with EOD FR light, whole plants were characterized by decreased chlorophyll concentrations and increased fresh weights. When treated with EOD R light, 35S-plants contained high concentrations of zeatin riboside (ZR) compared to plants treated with EOD FR light. When treated with EOD FR light, HS-plants contained high concentrations of ZR compared to plants treated with EOD R light. Both cytokinin responses were photoreversible. The reasons for the differences between the 35S- and HS-plant responses are not known. Results appear to implicate interactions between phytochrome and cytokinins in plant growth and development.

scholarly journals Redefining the roles of UDP-glycosyltransferases in auxin metabolism and homeostasis during plant development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Mateo-Bonmatí ◽  
Rubén Casanova-Sáez ◽  
Jan Šimura ◽  
Karin Ljung
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid ◽  
Reversible Nature

ABSTRACTThe levels of the important plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are tightly controlled within plant tissues to spatiotemporally orchestrate concentration gradients that drive plant growth and development. Metabolic inactivation of bioactive IAA is known to participate in the modulation of IAA maxima and minima. IAA can be irreversibly inactivated by oxidation and conjugation to Aspartate and Glutamate. Usually overlooked because its reversible nature, the most abundant inactive IAA form is the IAA-glucose (IAA-glc) conjugate. Glycosylation of IAA is reported to be carried out by the UDP-glycosyltransferase 84B1 (UGT84B1), while UGT74D1 has been implicated in the glycosylation of the irreversibly formed IAA catabolite oxIAA. Here we demonstrate that both UGT84B1 and UGT74D1 modulate IAA levels throughout plant development by dual IAA and oxIAA glycosylation. Moreover, we identify a novel UGT subfamily whose members modulate IAA homeostasis during skotomorphogenesis by redundantly mediating the glycosylation of oxIAA.

scholarly journals Spectral Effects of Three Types of White Light-emitting Diodes on Plant Growth and Development: Absolute versus Relative Amounts of Blue Light

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin R. Cope ◽  
Bruce Bugbee
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
White Leds

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are a rapidly developing technology for plant growth lighting and have become a powerful tool for understanding the spectral effects of light on plants. Several studies have shown that some blue light is necessary for normal growth and development, but the effects of blue light appear to be species-dependent and may interact with other wavelengths of light as well as photosynthetic photon flux (PPF). We report the photobiological effects of three types of white LEDs (warm, neutral, and cool, with 11%, 19%, and 28% blue light, respectively) on the growth and development of radish, soybean, and wheat. All species were grown at two PPFs (200 and 500 μmol·m−2·s−1) under each LED type, which facilitated testing the effect of absolute (μmol photons per m−2·s−1) and relative (percent of total PPF) blue light on plant development. Root and shoot environmental conditions other than light quality were uniformly maintained among six chambers (three lamp types × two PPFs). All LEDs had similar phytochrome photoequilibria and red:far red ratios. Blue light did not affect total dry weight (DW) in any species but significantly altered plant development. Overall, the low blue light from warm white LEDs increased stem elongation and leaf expansion, whereas the high blue light from cool white LEDs resulted in more compact plants. For radish and soybean, absolute blue light was a better predictor of stem elongation than relative blue light, but relative blue light better predicted leaf area. Absolute blue light better predicted the percent leaf DW in radish and soybean and percent tiller DW in wheat. The largest percentage differences among light sources occurred in low light (200 μmol·m−2·s−1). These results confirm and extend the results of other studies indicating that light quantity and quality interact to determine plant morphology. The optimal amount of blue light likely changes with plant age because plant communities balance the need for rapid leaf expansion, which is necessary to maximize radiation capture, with prevention of excessive stem elongation. A thorough understanding of this interaction is essential to the development of light sources for optimal plant growth and development.

scholarly journals A Novel Insight into Functional Divergence of the MST Gene Family in Rice Based on Comprehensive Expression Patterns

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolong Deng ◽  
Baoguang An ◽  
Hua Zhong ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
Weilong Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Functional Divergence ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Rice Genome ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Strong Negative Selection ◽  
Insight Into

Sugars are critical for plant growth and development as suppliers of carbon and energy, as signal molecules, or as solute molecules for osmotic homeostasis. Monosaccharide transporter (MST) genes are involved in various processes of plant growth and development as well as in response to abiotic stresses. However, the evolution and their roles of MST genes in growth and development and in coping with abiotic stresses in rice are poorly known. Here, we identified 64 MST genes in rice genome, which are classified into seven subfamilies: STP, PLT, AZT, ERD, pGlcT, INT, and XTPH. MST genes are not evenly distributed between chromosomes (Chrs) with a bias to Chr 3, 4, 7, and 11, which could be a result of duplication of fragments harboring MST genes. In total, 12 duplication events were found in the rice MST family, among which, two pairs were derived from fragmental duplications and ten pairs were from tandem duplications. The synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates of duplicate gene pairs demonstrated that the MST family was under a strong negative selection during the evolution process. Furthermore, a comprehensive expression analysis conducted in 11 different tissues, three abiotic stresses, five hormone treatments, and three sugar treatments revealed different expression patterns of MST genes and indicated diversified functions of them. Our results suggest that MST genes play important roles not only in various abiotic stresses but also in hormone and sugar responses. The present results will provide a vital insight into the functional divergence of the MST family in the future study.

scholarly journals GIBBERELLINS IN REGULATION OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT UNDER ABIOTIC STRESSES

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
I. V. Kosakivska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Della Proteins ◽  
Plant Yields

Background. Gibberellins (GAs), a class of diterpenoid phytohormones, play an important role in regulation of plant growth and development. Among more than 130 different gibberellin molecules, only a few are bioactive. GA1, GA3, GA4, and GA7 regulate plant growth through promotion the degradation of the DELLA proteins, a family of nuclear growth repressors – negative regulator of GAs signaling. Recent studies on GAs biosynthesis, metabolism, transport, and signaling, as well as crosstalk with other phytohormones and environment have achieved great progress thanks to molecular genetics and functional genomics. Aim. In this review, we focused on the role of GAs in regulation of plant gtowth in abiotic stress conditions. Results. We represented a key information on GAs biosynthesis, signaling and functional activity; summarized current understanding of the crosstalk between GAs and auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid and other hormones and what is the role of GAs in regulation of adaptation to drought, salinization, high and low temperature conditions, and heavy metal pollution. We emphasize that the effects of GAs depend primarily on the strength and duration of stress and the phase of ontogenesis and tolerance of the plant. By changing the intensity of biosynthesis, the pattern of the distribution and signaling of GAs, plants are able to regulate resistance to abiotic stress, increase viability and even avoid stress. The issues of using retardants – inhibitors of GAs biosynthesis to study the functional activity of hormones under abiotic stresses were discussed. Special attention was focused on the use of exogenous GAs for pre-sowing priming of seeds and foliar treatment of plants. Conclusion. Further study of the role of gibberellins in the acquisition of stress resistance would contribute to the development of biotechnology of exogenous use of the hormone to improve growth and increase plant yields under adverse environmental conditions.

scholarly journals miRNA-encoded peptide, miPEP858, regulates plant growth and development in Arabidopsis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashish Sharma ◽  
Poorwa Kamal Badola ◽  
Chitra Bhatia ◽  
Deepika Sharma ◽  
Prabodh Kumar Trivedi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Small Peptide ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Exogenous Treatment

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding endogenous RNAs, are processed product of primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) and regulate target gene expression. pri-miRNAs have also been reported to encode small peptides, miRNA-Encoded Peptides (miPEPs). Though regulatory role of miPEPs has been speculated, no detailed study has been carried out to elucidate their function through developing knock-out mutants. Here, we report that pri-miR858a of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a small peptide (miPEP858a) which regulates the expression of pri-miR858a leading to modulation in the expression of target genes involved in the plant growth and development as well as phenylpropanoid pathway. CRISPR-based miPEP858a-edited plants developed phenotypes similar to that of mature miR858-edited plants suggesting crucial role of miPEP858a in mediating miR585a function. miPEP858a-edited and miPEP858a overexpressing lines altered plant development and accumulated modulated levels of flavonoids due to changes in expression of associated genes. Exogenous treatment of synthetic-miPEP858a to the miPEP858a-edited plants complemented phenotypes and the gene function suggesting a significant role of miPEP858a in controlling the miR858 function and plant development.One sentence summarySmall peptide, miPEP858a, encoded by primary miRNA for miR858a regulates plant growth, development and flavonoid biosynthesisThe authors responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors

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