Cognitive Enhancers for Alzheimer’s Disease

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Po-Heng Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Caregiver Burden ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Cognitive Enhancers ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
A Value ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
Care Costs

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. In the United States, an estimated 5.3 million people had AD dementia in 2015, including 200,000 individuals younger than age 65 years. The number of people who are affected by AD is projected to reach 16 million in 2050. There is a tremendous cost associated with caring for people with AD. In 2015, the direct costs to US society of caring for those with AD totaled an estimated $226 billion, and if no effective disease-modifying treatments become available, this could increase to $1.1 trillion in 2050. In addition to medical costs, in 2014, caregivers of people with AD and other dementias provided an estimated 17.9 billion hours of unpaid assistance, which translates to a value of $217.7 billion. Therefore, cognitive enhancers for AD by improving cognition could address symptoms associated with AD, reduce caregiver burden, and limit health care costs.

Leveraging Technology in Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Kruse ◽  
Britney Larson ◽  
Reagan Wilkinson ◽  
Roger Samson ◽  
Taylor Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
United States ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Key Terms

BACKGROUND Incidence of AD continues to increase, making it the most common cause of dementia and the sixth-leading cause of death in the United States. 2018 numbers are expected to double by 2030. OBJECTIVE We examined the benefits of utilizing technology to identify and detect Alzheimer’s disease in the diagnostic process. METHODS We searched PubMed and CINAHL using key terms and filters to identify 30 articles for review. We analyzed these articles and reported them in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS We identified 11 technologies used in the detection of Alzheimer’s disease: 66% of which used some form of MIR. Functional, structural, and 7T magnetic resonance imaging were all used with structural being the most prevalent. CONCLUSIONS MRI is the best form of current technology being used in the detection of Alzheimer’s disease. MRI is a noninvasive approach that provides highly accurate results in the diagnostic process of Alzheimer’s disease.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Cocktail Approach for Treatment of Hyperhomocysteinemia in Alzheimer’s Disease

Cell Medicine ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 215517901772228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Leon ◽  
Darrell Sawmiller ◽  
R. Douglas Shytle ◽  
Jun Tan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Cocktail Approach

In the United States, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, accompanied by substantial economic and emotional costs. During 2015, more than 15 million family members who provided care to AD patients had an estimated total cost of 221 billion dollars. Recent studies have shown that elevated total plasma levels of homocysteine (tHcy), a condition known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), is a risk factor for AD. HHcy is associated with cognitive decline, brain atrophy, and dementia; enhances the vulnerability of neurons to oxidative injury; and damages the blood–brain barrier. Many therapeutic supplements containing vitamin B12 and folate have been studied to help decrease tHcy to a certain degree. However, a therapeutic cocktail approach with 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, methyl B12, betaine, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) have not been studied. This novel approach may help target multiple pathways simultaneously to decrease tHcy and its toxicity substantially.

Taking the Next Steps in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Disease-Modifying Agents

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (S3) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Stephen Salloway
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disease Modification ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Disease Modifying Agents ◽  
Disease Modifying Treatment

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder in the United States and the number of AD patients is increasing at an alarming rate. There is no cure for AD and the currently available treatments are symptomatic, providing only limited effects on disease pathophysiology and progression. An overwhelming need exists for therapies that can slow or halt this debilitating disease process. Disease modification in AD has been defined from patient-focused, regulatory, and neurobiological perspectives. The latter two of these perspectives rely largely on an interruption of the disease process and a clear demonstration of this interruption. As defined by Cummings, a disease-modifying treatment is a “pharmacologic treatment that retards the underlying process of AD by intervening in the neurobiological processes that constitute the pathology and pathophysiology of the disease and lead to cell death or dysfunction.” By this definition, the burden of confirmatory study is placed on any new treatment for which the claim of “disease modification” is to be made (Slide 1).

Alzheimer’s disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 443-478
Author(s):  
John-Paul Taylor ◽  
Benjamin R Underwood
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Disease Modifying Drugs ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
Disease Modifying

Dementia is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This fully updated and revised chapter comprehensively reviews the latest evidence on diagnosis, assessment, investigations, clinical features, management, risk factors, prognosis, and future potential treatments for AD. Importantly, the chapter explores newer evidence that has changed the way AD is viewed as regards methods of assessment using various scales to determine diagnosis, as well as current and investigative methods of treating AD. Finally, it looks at the states of disease progression, potential disease-modifying drugs for Alzheimer’s disease, and possible therapeutic approaches to treatment and management.

scholarly journals Treatment of Moderate to Severe Alzheimer's Disease: Rationale and Trial Design

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (S1) ◽  
pp. S103-S108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Caregiver Burden ◽  
Trial Design ◽  
Cholinesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Nmda Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
Disease Modifying Agents ◽  
Complete Dependence

Moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by increasing cognitive, functional, and behavioural dysfunction that results in increased caregiver burden and, eventually, complete dependence. Despite its significance as a societal health problem, there are few treatment trials of cognitive enhancers or disease modifying agents for this stage of illness. Studies suggest the cholinesterase inhibitors, especially donepezil, may provide benefit. Several studies provide support for the use of the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine as monotherapy or added to a cholinesterase inhibitor for moderate to severe AD. While there are no published guidelines for the treatment of moderate to severe AD, these studies do provide guidance for recommendations for study design and outcome measures. Such studies are urgently needed.

scholarly journals Good problems to have? Policy and societal implications of a disease-modifying therapy for presymptomatic late-onset Alzheimer’s disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Misha Angrist ◽  
Anna Yang ◽  
Boris Kantor ◽  
Ornit Chiba-Falek
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
The United States ◽  
Societal Implications ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Disease Modifying Therapy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Disease Modifying

Abstract In the United States alone, the prevalence of AD is expected to more than double from six million people in 2019 to nearly 14 million people in 2050. Meanwhile, the track record for developing treatments for AD has been marked by decades of failure. But recent progress in genetics, neuroscience and gene editing suggest that effective treatments could be on the horizon. The arrival of such treatments would have profound implications for the way we diagnose, triage, study, and allocate resources to Alzheimer’s patients. Because the disease is not rare and because it strikes late in life, the development of therapies that are expensive and efficacious but less than cures, will pose particular challenges to healthcare infrastructure. We have a window of time during which we can begin to anticipate just, equitable and salutary ways to accommodate a disease-modifying therapy Alzheimer’s disease. Here we consider the implications for caregivers, clinicians, researchers, and the US healthcare system of the availability of an expensive, presymptomatic treatment for a common late-onset neurodegenerative disease for which diagnosis can be difficult.

scholarly journals Observation of Patient and Caregiver Burden Associated with Early Alzheimer’s Disease in the United States: Design and Baseline Findings of the GERAS-US Cohort Study1

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Robinson ◽  
Dorene M. Rentz ◽  
Valerie Bruemmer ◽  
Jeffrey Scott Andrews ◽  
Anthony Zagar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Caregiver Burden ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Alzheimer’S Disease

scholarly journals Is Aducanumab for LMICs? Promises and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1547
Author(s):  
Illangage P. C. Gunawardena ◽  
Thaarvena Retinasamy ◽  
Mohd. Farooq Shaikh
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Human Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
The United States ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
United States Food ◽  
Progression Of Disease ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Aducanumab, a human monoclonal antibody, was approved in June of 2021 as the first disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer’s disease by the United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA). A substantial proportion of patients with Alzheimer’s disease live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and the debilitating effects of this disease exerts burdens on patients and caregivers in addition to the significant economic strains many nations bear. While the advantages of a disease-modifying therapy are clear in delaying the progression of disease to improve patient outcomes, aducanumab’s approval by the U.S. FDA was met with controversy for a plethora of reasons. This paper will provide precursory insights into aducanumab’s role, appropriateness, and cost-effectiveness in low- and middle-income countries. We extend some of the controversies associated with aducanumab, including the contradicting evidence from the two trials (EMERGE and ENGAGE) and the resources required to deliver the treatment safely and effectively to patients, among other key considerations.

scholarly journals Alzheimer’s disease: Causes, treatment & basic science review

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-116
Author(s):  
Shivani Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer’s disease is that the most common cause of dementia in older, individuals and a major public health concern. The goal of this critical evaluation is to provide a short overview of Alzheimer’s disease. The study concentrates on the biochemical aspects of AD and MCI. It is the fourth most common cause of mortality in the United States, and it is spreading to other nations. With Alzheimer's disease, the total size of the brain decreases as the tissue loses nerve cells and connections. The loss of brain cells that occurs as a result of insanity cannot be stopped or reversed. The set up's aims include measurements for gift interventions in addition to an aim to improve research on interference and therapy. Although there are no disease-modifying medications available for Alzheimer's disease, certain options may help to reduce symptoms and enhance quality of life, therefore assisting patients to some extent. In addition, the paper discusses current attempts to create innovative treatments and improvements in the use of biomarkers for diagnosing SD.

scholarly journals Older Latinos’ Perceptions of the Caregiving Experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 798-798
Author(s):  
Michelle Jaldin ◽  
Guilherme Balbim ◽  
Isabela Marques ◽  
David Marquez
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Caregiver Burden ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Recipient ◽  
Latino Caregivers ◽  
Perceived Experiences

Abstract There has been a rapid growth of Latinos age 65 and older in the United States and the population is projected to grow to 21.5 million by 2060. Latinos with Alzheimer’s disease is expected to increase 832% by 2060. Caregiving for adults with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD) is physically, emotionally, and financially demanding, and has significant implications for caregivers’ health, personal and social life, and overall well-being. This study aimed to describe the perceived experiences of middle-aged and older Latino who were primary caregivers of relatives with ADRD. We conducted semi-structured interviews with Latino caregivers to examine their perceived experiences of providing care for a relative with ADRD. Interviews were conducted in English and Spanish and were transcribed, translated into English when needed, and coded. We conducted direct content analysis. Participants were aged 50 to 75 years (n = 16), the majority were female (n = 12), and majority were caring for either their parent or spouse. We identified six reoccurring themes in the Latino caregiving experiences: (1) caregiver burden; (2) dealing with care recipient; (3) coping strategies; (4) social support; (5) cultural values; and (6) knowledge about services. The identified themes showed that Latino caregivers need support from their family and friends for caregiving. Latino family’s structure plays an important role in caregiving experience. These themes are important to consider in future interventions that aim to reduce caregiver burden in Latinos as they influence the overall well-being of the caregiver.

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