Ketogenic Diets as Highly Effective Treatments for Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C. Westman ◽  
Emily Maguire ◽  
William S. Yancy
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Carbohydrate Restriction ◽  
Abdominal Adiposity ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. While characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, the underlying cause of T2DM is insulin resistance—most often related to an increase in abdominal adiposity caused by obesity. The goal of treatment of T2DM is to put the disease into remission by targeting the underlying insulin resistance. The observation that dietary carbohydrate is the major factor to cause glycosuria and hyperglycemia, has been known since the early days of modern medicine. As a result, low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets were employed to treat obesity and diabetes in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This chapter reviews the rationale and recent clinical research supporting the use of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet in individuals with obesity and diabetes. For individuals affected by obesity-related T2DM, clinical studies have shown that carbohydrate restriction and weight loss can improve hyperglycemia, obesity, and T2DM.

Wogonin Alleviates Hyperglycemia Through Increased Glucose Entry into Cells Via AKT/GLUT4 Pathway

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (23) ◽  
pp. 2602-2606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahzad Khan ◽  
Mohammad A. Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Main Factor

: Insulin resistance and type 2 Diabetes mellitus resulting in chronic hyperglycemia is a major health problem in the modern world. Many drugs have been tested to control hyperglycemia which is believed to be the main factor behind many of the diabetes-related late-term complications. Wogonin is a famous herbal medicine which has been shown to be effective in controlling diabetes and its complications. In our previous work, we showed that wogonin is beneficial in many ways in controlling diabetic cardiomyopathy. In this review, we mainly explained wogonin anti-hyperglycemic property through AKT/GLUT4 pathway. Here we briefly discussed that wogonin increases Glut4 trafficking to plasma membrane which allows increased entry of glucose and thus alleviates hyperglycemia. Conclusion: Wogonin can be used as an anti-diabetic and anti-hyperglycemic drug and works via AKT/GLUT4 pathway.

scholarly journals Docking protein 1 and free fatty acids are associated with insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 030006052110482
Author(s):  
Xiaoqin Ha ◽  
Xiaoling Cai ◽  
Huizhe Cao ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Bo Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Docking Protein

Objective Insulin resistance (IR) is a key defect in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); therefore, effective means of ameliorating IR are sought. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of 154 patients with T2DM and 39 with pre-diabetes (pre-DM). The effects of IR and a high concentration of FFA on gene expression were determined using microarray analysis and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in patients with T2DM or pre-DM. Results Serum FFA concentration and homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) were significantly higher in patients with T2DM but no obesity and in those with pre-DM than in controls. HOMA-IR was significantly associated with T2DM. RT-qPCR showed that the expression of FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog ( FOS) and AE binding protein 1 ( AEBP1) was much lower in the circulation of participants with obesity and diabetes. RT-qPCR showed that the expression of docking protein 1 ( DOK1) was significantly lower in the blood of participants with diabetes but no obesity and in those with pre-DM than in controls. Conclusions FFA and DOK1 are associated with IR in patients with T2DM but no obesity or pre-DM. The downregulation of DOK1 might inhibit lipid synthesis and induce lipolysis, inducing or worsening IR.

scholarly journals Hypogonadism, Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Bone Health: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittoria Russo ◽  
Rui Chen ◽  
Reina Armamento-Villareal
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism ◽  
Primary Defect ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Metabolic Role

One of the complications from chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance due to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in men is the high prevalence of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). Both T2DM and hypogonadism are associated with impaired bone health and increased fracture risk but whether the combination results in even worse bone disease than either one alone is not well-studied. It is possible that having both conditions predisposes men to an even greater risk for fracture than either one alone. Given the common occurrence of HH or hypogonadism in general in T2DM, a significant number of men could be at risk. To date, there is very little information on the bone health men with both hypogonadism and T2DM. Insulin resistance, which is the primary defect in T2DM, is associated with low testosterone (T) levels in men and may play a role in the bidirectional relationship between these two conditions, which together may portend a worse outcome for bone. The present manuscript aims to review the available evidences on the effect of the combination of hypogonadism and T2DM on bone health and metabolic profile, highlights the possible metabolic role of the skeleton, and examines the pathways involved in the interplay between bone, insulin resistance, and gonadal steroids.

scholarly journals Lipid-proteinic interaction in erythrocytie and placental membranes in women with insulin resistance

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-229
Author(s):  
N.P. Mikaelyan ◽  
A.A. Terentyev ◽  
A.G. Maxina ◽  
A.V. Mikaelyan ◽  
S.V. Novikova
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type ◽  
Erythrocyte Membranes ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Placental Membranes ◽  
Lipid Spectrum

Disturbances of erythrocyte and placental membrane functiond have been studied in placenta of pregnant women with obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2. The results of this study demonstrate significant metabolic impairments in women with insulin resistance. Changes in lipid spectrum of erythrocyte membranes and decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes obviously contribute to the development of fetoplacental insufficiency. This changes point to necessity of the antioxidant therapy in pregnant women with obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2.

scholarly journals Evaluation of serum c-peptide levels in type 2 diabetics in Punjabi population

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hardeep Singh Deep ◽  
Barjinder Pal Singh ◽  
Shalinder Pal Singh
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Treatment Modality ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cells ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic and endocrine disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Human insulin and c-peptide are synthesized as a single polypeptide chain known as Proinsulin in the pancreatic beta cells. Serum insulin measurement gives a wrong value of insulin secretion, because insulin after its secretion into the portal vein, passes through the liver where approximately 50% of the delivered insulin is extracted. The measurement of C-peptide, thus provides a better index of endogenous insulin production and pancreatic beta cell function than insulin measurements.Methods: The present study was conducted on 100 adult patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus presenting in OPD and emergency or admitted in Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar. Type 1 diabetic patients, pregnant females with diabetes, patients presenting with acute infections, septicaemia, patients with acute or chronic pancreatitis, patients with pancreatic carcinoma were excluded from the study. In this study C-Peptide levels were estimated by DRG C-peptide ELISA method.Results: In our study, 38% patients had adequate insulin reserve (Normal C-peptide levels). Only 2% patients had poor insulin reserve (C-peptide levels below normal). 60% patients had c peptide levels more than normal, indicating insulin resistance. Increase in fasting c-peptide levels were associated with increased fasting plasma glucose (due to insulin resistance). A positive correlation exists in our study with r value of 0.523.Conclusions: As majority of patients with elevated FBS and fasting c-peptide were obese, our study infers that obese are more insulin resistant than non-obese. Since c-peptide levels assess the endogenous insulin reserve, it will also be helpful to alter the treatment modality based on it. So, routine c-peptide testing should be done in patients with poor glycaemic control to modify treatment modality accordingly.

Obesity and Insulin Resistance: A Review of Molecular Interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habib Yaribeygi ◽  
Mina Maleki ◽  
Thozhukat Sathyapalan ◽  
Tannaz Jamialahmadi ◽  
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Molecular Interactions ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Sedentary Lifestyle ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

: The prevalence of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus is rising globally in epidemic proportions. Diabetes and its complications contribute to significant morbidity and mortality. Increase in sedentary lifestyle and consumption of more energy-dense diet increased the incidence of obesity which is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Obesity acts as a potent upstream event that promotes molecular mechanisms involved in insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. However, the exact molecular mechanisms between obesity and diabetes are not clearly understood. In the current study, we have reviewed the molecular interactions between obesity and type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms Linking Oxidative Stress and Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habib Yaribeygi ◽  
Thozhukat Sathyapalan ◽  
Stephen L. Atkin ◽  
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inadequate Response ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Radical Production ◽  
Stress Oxidative

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and an inadequate response to circulatory insulin by peripheral tissues resulting in insulin resistance. Insulin resistance has a complex pathophysiology, and it is contributed to by multiple factors including oxidative stress. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between free radical production and the antioxidant system leading to a reduction of peripheral insulin sensitivity and contributing to the development of T2DM via several molecular mechanisms. In this review, we present the molecular mechanisms by which the oxidative milieu contributes to the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Circulating levels of active ghrelin is associated with abdominal adiposity, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2004 ◽  
pp. 573-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Katsuki ◽  
H Urakawa ◽  
EC Gabazza ◽  
S Murashima ◽  
K Nakatani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Abdominal Adiposity ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the circulating level of active ghrelin and abdominal adiposity, serum levels of insulin or insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. DESIGN: We measured the plasma levels of the active form of ghrelin in 18 obese and 18 nonobese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using a radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit. Body fat accumulation was measured by computed tomography (CT) and insulin resistance by the glucose infusion rate (GIR) during an euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp study. RESULTS: Plasma levels of ghrelin in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were significantly decreased compared with nonobese patients. There were significant correlations between the plasma levels of ghrelin and BMI (r=-0.505, P<0.01), visceral (r=-0.444, P<0.01), subcutaneous (r=-0.506, P<0.01) and total (r=-0.534, P<0.01) fat area, serum levels of insulin (r=-0.513, P<0.01) or GIR (r=0.478, P<0.01) in type 2 diabetic patients. The plasma level of ghrelin was significantly associated with serum levels of insulin (F=8.468, P<0.05) or GIR (F=8.522, P<0.05) after adjustment for BMI in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased plasma levels of active ghrelin are significantly associated with abdominal adiposity, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. Hyperinsulinemia associated with insulin resistance may suppress plasma levels of active ghrelin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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