Neurology

Turner Syndrome ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Imaging Studies ◽

Board Examination ◽

Neurological Findings ◽

The Common ◽

Guillain Barré ◽

The purpose of the Oral Board Examination is to determine a candidate’s competency in neurosurgical disorders, but also neurological disorders, which may mimic neurosurgical conditions. It is not uncommon for a candidate to be presented imaging studies that clearly appear surgical; however, after carefully listening to the history and relevant neurological findings, it will become apparent that the imaging does not explain the patient’s symptoms. Some of the common neurological ailments that the Oral Board examinee needs to be well aware of include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), Guillain-Barré syndrome, and Parsonage=Turner syndrome (brachial plexitis), some of which are covered either in this chapter or in other relevant chapters.

Neurology

Goodman's Neurosurgery Oral Board Review ◽

10.1093/med/9780190055189.003.0013 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 187-196

Author(s):

Kristine O’Phelan

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Spinal Cord ◽

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Axonal Loss ◽

Board Examination ◽

The Common ◽

Neurological Conditions ◽

Examination Process ◽

The purpose of the Oral Board Examination is to determine a candidate’s competency in neurosurgical disorders, as well as in neurological disorders which may mimic neurosurgical conditions. Clearly, this goal of the examination process must be kept in the back of an examinee’s mind during questioning. It is not uncommon for a candidate to be presented imaging studies that clearly appear surgical; however, after carefully listening to the history and relevant neurological findings, it will become apparent that the imaging does not explain the patient’s symptoms. When this occurs, start by trying to localize the lesion within the neuraxis—brain, brainstem, spinal cord, peripheral nerve, neuromuscular junction, or the muscle itself. Clues such as hyporeflexia or hyperreflexia and distribution or absence of sensory symptoms are key. Then develop a differential diagnosis of neurological conditions that may present in these areas—vascular, demyelinating, inflammatory, axonal loss, and neuromuscular blockade. Some of the common neurological ailments that the oral board examinee needs to be well aware of include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and Parsonage-Turner syndrome (brachial plexitis), some of which are covered either in this chapter or in other relevant chapters.

Aptamer Applications in Neuroscience

10.20944/preprints202111.0100.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Meric Ozturk ◽

Marit Nilsen-Hamilton ◽

Muslum Ilgu

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Nucleic Acid ◽

Brain Tumors ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Health Community ◽

Theranostic Applications ◽

Being the predominant cause of disability, neurological diseases have received much attention from the global health community. Over a billion people suffer from one of the following neurological disorders: dementia, epilepsy, stroke, migraine, meningitis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, prion dis-ease, or brain tumors. Diagnosis and treatment options are limited for many of these diseases. Aptamers, being small and non-immunogenic nucleic acid molecules that are easy to chemically modify, offer potential diagnostic and theranostic applications to meet these needs. This review covers pioneer studies to apply aptamers, which show promise for future diagnostics and treatments of neurological disorders that pose increasingly dire worldwide health challenges.

Aptamer Applications in Neuroscience

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph14121260 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 1260

Author(s):

Meric Ozturk ◽

Marit Nilsen-Hamilton ◽

Muslum Ilgu

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Nucleic Acid ◽

Brain Tumors ◽

Global Health ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Health Community ◽

Being the predominant cause of disability, neurological diseases have received much attention from the global health community. Over a billion people suffer from one of the following neurological disorders: dementia, epilepsy, stroke, migraine, meningitis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, prion disease, or brain tumors. The diagnosis and treatment options are limited for many of these diseases. Aptamers, being small and non-immunogenic nucleic acid molecules that are easy to chemically modify, offer potential diagnostic and theragnostic applications to meet these needs. This review covers pioneering studies in applying aptamers, which shows promise for future diagnostics and treatments of neurological disorders that pose increasingly dire worldwide health challenges.

History and Prevalence of Involuntary Emotional Expression Disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852900025955 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 12 (S5) ◽

pp. 6-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

John E. Duda

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

Emotional Expression ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Prevalence Rates ◽

Neurological Injuries ◽

AbstractThe syndrome now known as involuntary emotional expression disorder (IEED) is a condition characterized by uncontrollable episodes of laughing and/or crying. It has been known for more than a century, but confusing and conflicting terminology may have hampered the progress of physicians in recognizing this condition. IEED is associated with various neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, and neurological injuries such as stroke and traumatic brain injury. It is hoped that better defined terminology for IEED may help in the future diagnosis of this debilitating condition, the establishment of accurate prevalence rates for IEED in the varying underlying conditions, and also in removing blame and stigma from sufferers by providing reassurance about the nature of their condition.

Occupational Therapy Interventions in Adults with Multiple Sclerosis or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Scoping Review

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18041432 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1432

Author(s):

Luis De-Bernardi-Ojuel ◽

Laura Torres-Collado ◽

Manuela García-de-la-Hera

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Occupational Therapy ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Adult Population ◽

Falls Prevention ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

Therapy Interventions ◽

Occupational Therapy Interventions ◽

This scoping review aims to describe occupational therapy interventions carried out with multiple sclerosis (MS) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients in occupational therapy. A peer review of the literature was conducted in different databases: Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase, and in some occupational therapy journals. A search of the literature published was carried out before December 2019. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) articles evaluating the intervention of occupational therapy in MS or ALS including experimental, randomized, nonrandomized and exploratory studies; (2) written in English or Spanish; (3) adult population (over 18 years old). The initial search identified 836 articles of which we included 32 divided into four areas of intervention: fatigue-targeted interventions, cognitive interventions, physical interventions and others. Only 16 studies were carried out exclusively by occupational therapists. Most occupational therapy interventions are aimed at fatigue and physical rehabilitation. The majority of the studies in our review included MS patients, with little representation from the ALS population. These interventions have shown an improvement in perceived fatigue, manual dexterity, falls prevention and improvement in cognitive aspects such as memory, communication, depression and quality of life in the MS and ALS populations.

Paraoxonase Role in Human Neurodegenerative Diseases

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10010011 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Cadiele Oliana Reichert ◽

Debora Levy ◽

Sergio P. Bydlowski

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

High Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Structural Homology ◽

Redox Systems ◽

Genetic Cluster ◽

The human body has biological redox systems capable of preventing or mitigating the damage caused by increased oxidative stress throughout life. One of them are the paraoxonase (PON) enzymes. The PONs genetic cluster is made up of three members (PON1, PON2, PON3) that share a structural homology, located adjacent to chromosome seven. The most studied enzyme is PON1, which is associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL), having paraoxonase, arylesterase and lactonase activities. Due to these characteristics, the enzyme PON1 has been associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we update the knowledge about the association of PON enzymes and their polymorphisms and the development of multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD).