Cellular Signaling

2021 ◽  
pp. 196-203
Author(s):  
Nathan P. Staff ◽  
Nicolas N. Madigan
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Cellular Signaling ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Physical Basis ◽  
Ion Pumps ◽  
Ion Gradients ◽  
The Future ◽  
External Stimuli

Cell communication in the nervous system is finely tuned to respond rapidly to external stimuli, to modify itself according to those stimuli, and to produce more effective responses in the future. The physical basis for this cell communication is the manipulation of ion gradients with ion pumps and channels, chemical neurotransmission, and synaptic plasticity, all of which are discussed in this chapter.

Bioelectrodes for Neural Prostheses

1985 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Terry Hambrecht
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Neural Prostheses ◽  
The Future ◽  
Spinal Cord Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Auditory Prostheses

ABSTRACTNeural prostheses which are commercially available include cochlear implants for treating certain forms of deafness and urinary bladder evacuation prostheses for individuals with spinal cord disorders. In the future we can anticipate improvements in bioelectrodes and biomaterials which should permit more sophisticated devices such as visual prostheses for the blind and auditory prostheses for the deaf based on microstimulation of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals The Function of Selenium in Central Nervous System: Lessons from MsrB1 Knockout Mouse Models

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1372
Author(s):  
Tengrui Shi ◽  
Jianxi Song ◽  
Guanying You ◽  
Yujie Yang ◽  
Qiong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Knockout Mouse ◽  
Methionine Sulfoxide ◽  
Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase ◽  
Knockout Mouse Model ◽  
The Central Nervous System

MsrB1 used to be named selenoprotein R, for it was first identified as a selenocysteine containing protein by searching for the selenocysteine insert sequence (SECIS) in the human genome. Later, it was found that MsrB1 is homologous to PilB in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is a methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr), specifically reducing L-methionine sulfoxide (L-Met-O) in proteins. In humans and mice, four members constitute the Msr family, which are MsrA, MsrB1, MsrB2, and MsrB3. MsrA can reduce free or protein-containing L-Met-O (S), whereas MsrBs can only function on the L-Met-O (R) epimer in proteins. Though there are isomerases existent that could transfer L-Met-O (S) to L-Met-O (R) and vice-versa, the loss of Msr individually results in different phenotypes in mice models. These observations indicate that the function of one Msr cannot be totally complemented by another. Among the mammalian Msrs, MsrB1 is the only selenocysteine-containing protein, and we recently found that loss of MsrB1 perturbs the synaptic plasticity in mice, along with the astrogliosis in their brains. In this review, we summarized the effects resulting from Msr deficiency and the bioactivity of selenium in the central nervous system, especially those that we learned from the MsrB1 knockout mouse model. We hope it will be helpful in better understanding how the trace element selenium participates in the reduction of L-Met-O and becomes involved in neurobiology.

scholarly journals Controlled Construction of Stable Network Structure Composed of Honeycomb-Shaped Microhydrogels

Life ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayuki Hayakawa ◽  
Satoshi Umeyama ◽  
Ken Nagai ◽  
Hiroaki Onoe ◽  
Masahiro Takinoue
Keyword(s):  
Cell Communication ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Stable Component ◽  
Photosensitive Polymer ◽  
A Cell ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Structural Instabilities ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Stable Network ◽  
Microfluidic Technique

Recently, the construction of models for multicellular systems such as tissues has been attracting great interest. These model systems are expected to reproduce a cell communication network and provide insight into complicated functions in living systems./Such network structures have mainly been modelled using a droplet and a vesicle. However, in the droplet and vesicle network, there are difficulties attributed to structural instabilities due to external stimuli and perturbations. Thus, the fabrication of a network composed of a stable component such as hydrogel is desired. In this article, the construction of a stable network composed of honeycomb-shaped microhydrogels is described. We produced the microhydrogel network using a centrifugal microfluidic technique and a photosensitive polymer. In the network, densely packed honeycomb-shaped microhydrogels were observed. Additionally, we successfully controlled the degree of packing of microhydrogels in the network by changing the centrifugal force. We believe that our stable network will contribute to the study of cell communication in multicellular systems.

Novocaine block of the nervous system by prof. A.V. Vishnevsky in the treatment of burns and frostbite

1935 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-67
Author(s):  
V. M. Osipovsky
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Thermal Damage ◽  
Production Unit ◽  
Collective Farm ◽  
State Farm ◽  
The Future ◽  
Thermal Injuries ◽  
Future War ◽  
Number Of Treatment

The existing methods for treating thermal injuries (burns and frostbite) have a number of requirements from a practical surgeon: the method must be simple, cheap, effective and, most importantly, it must reduce the number of treatment days as much as possible and thus allow for faster return to the collective farm, state farm or production unit. In addition, it also has a defensive effect. Whereas during the last imperialist and civil war the number of thermal damage (especially burns) was quite significant, in the future war the number of thermal damage will probably increase even more.

MEASLES ENCEPHALITIS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 811-818
Author(s):  
Samuel Karelitz ◽  
Melvin Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Supportive Therapy ◽  
The Future

The histories of 42 patients with measles encephalitis were reviewed to evaluate the treatment, in particular to determine whether adrenal corticosteroids or adrenocorticotropin were helpful, beyond the results with usual supportive therapy. There were no fatalities, but 13 patients had central nervous system sequelae on discharge; 9 of these had been treated with, and 4 without ACTH and/or corticosteroids. Re-examination of 20 of the 42 cases 2 to 7 years after discharge from the hospital revealed that of 14 children treated during the acute phase of encephalitis with ACTH and/or corticosteroids, 12 had central nervous system sequelae, while only 6 of these 12 had manifested complications on discharge. Four of 6 untreated patients among the 20 followed-up had central nervous system sequelae, as compared to 4 of 22 at the time of discharge from the hospital. The patient's condition on discharge from the hospital did not accurately indicate the future course; some sequelae became manifest later, others disappeared, some became milder and others worse. Adrenal corticosteroids and ACTH administered to these patients did not prevent central nervous system complications. The advisability of the use of these hormones in the management of measles encephalitis is questioned. The survival of 42 consecutive patients indicates that some fatalities may be prevented by constant supervision and intensive supportive therapy.

Transcriptome profiling of Trichoplax adhaerens highlights its digestive epithelium and a rich set of genes for fast electrogenic and slow neuromodulatory cellular signaling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuen Yan Wong ◽  
Phuong Le ◽  
Wassim Elkhatib ◽  
Thomas Piekut ◽  
Adriano Senatore
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Cellular Signaling ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Regulatory Peptides ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Protein Domain ◽  
Trichoplax Adhaerens ◽  
Interaction Domains ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Background Trichoplax adhaerens is a fascinating early-diverging animal that lacks a nervous system and synapses, and yet is capable of directed motile feeding behavior culminating in the external digestion of microorganisms by secreted hydrolytic enzymes. The mechanisms by which Trichoplax cells communicate with each other to coordinate their activity and behavior is unclear, though recent studies have suggested that secreted regulatory peptides might be involved.Results Here, we generated a high quality mRNA transcriptome of Trichoplax adhaerens , and predicted secreted proteins to identify gene homologues for digestion, development, immunity, cell adhesion, and peptide signaling. Detailed annotation of the expressed Trichoplax gene set also identified a nearly complete set of electrogenic genes involved in fast neural signalling, plus a set of 665 G-protein coupled receptors that in the nervous system integrate with fast signalling machinery to modulate cellular excitability. Furthermore, Trichoplax expresses an array of genes involved in intracellular signaling, including the key effector enzymes protein kinases A and C that functionally link fast and slow cellular signaling. Also identified were nearly complete sets of pre- and post-synaptic scaffolding genes, most encoding appropriate protein domain architectures. Notably, the Trichoplax proteome was found to bear slightly reduced counts of synaptic protein interaction domains such as PDZ, SH3 and C2 compared to other animals, but abundance of these domains did not appear to predict the presence of synapses in early-diverging groups.Conclusions Despite its apparent cellular and morphological simplicity, Trichoplax expresses a rich set of genes involved in complex animal traits. The transcriptome presented here adds a valuable additional resource for molecular studies on Trichoplax genes, exemplified by our ability to clone cDNAs for nine full-length acid sensing ion channel proteins with almost perfect matches with their corresponding transcriptome sequences.

Plasticity: Cells, Circuits, Brains, and Behavior

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia S. Churchland ◽  
Terrence J. Sejnowski
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Neuronal Plasticity ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Synaptic Strength ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

This chapter examines the physical mechanisms in nervous systems in order to elucidate the structural bases and functional principles of synaptic plasticity. Neuroscientific research on plasticity can be divided into four main streams: the neural mechanism for relatively simple kinds of plasticity, such as classical conditioning or habituation; anatomical and physiological studies of temporal lobe structures, including the hippocampus and the amygdala; study of the development of the visual system; and the relation between the animal's genes and the development of its nervous system. The chapter first considers the role of the mammalian hippocampus in learning and memory before discussing Donald Hebb's views on synaptic plasticity. It then explores the mechanisms underlying neuronal plasticity and those that decrease synaptic strength, the relevance of time with respect to plasticity, and the occurrence of plasticity during the development of the nervous system. It also describes modules, modularity, and networks in the brain.

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