October 1917: A Changing Landscape for Peasant Literature. The Role of the Journal Na postu

The article analyzes the role played by the journal "Na postu" in the marginalization of village literature. In the 1920s, the role played by this journal was more important than generally expected, because the editors were able to accelerate and in a certain way guide the government's choices in the cultural sphere. As a result, an entire strand of Russian cultural tradition was obliterated. The village literature writers were slandered and then physically o socially liquidated or replaced with authors ideologically conforming to the new collective farm literature.

ANTHROPOLOGY OF MEMORY OF RURAL WOMEN OF ZHYTOMYR REGION ABOUT POST-WAR EVERYDAY LIFE

The purpose of the study. The peculiarities of everyday life in the Ukrainian village during the late Stalinism in the framework of women’s survival experience during the first postwar decade are highlighted in the article. The research is based on the memories of peasant women of Zhytomyr region, whose childhood took place in the 1940s. Methodological basis of the study is historical-anthropological approach, with one of its manifestations being the history of everyday life. Scientific novelty. The research of rural everyday life of peasants in Zhytomyr region from the standpoint of gender approach is accomplished for the first time. The survival strategies of rural women in the postwar period are emphasized. The following components of rural everyday life are analysed: work in a collective farm, ways to meet the material and household needs of the family, the behaviour of peasants in the famine circumstances in 1946-1947. Conclusions. Women’s survival strategies in the post-war everyday life were distinguished by extreme nature and ability to adapt to circumstances. During that period, the epicenter of rural life was not a private family but a collective farm as an important economic and social institution. The famine, hard work of the collective farm and the poverty of post-war everyday life still remain a painful stigma in the social memory of rural women.

The Identity of the Performances of the 1960s Directed by Valeriu Cupcea

The fruitful activity of Valeriu Cupcea in the 1960s was manifested in the identity of his plays. In the comedy Take, Yanke, and Kadar by I. Popa, this is a union of people overcoming national and religious prejudices. In the socio-psychological drama from the life of a collective farm village The Wheel of Time by A. Lupan, this is the drama of the era, manifested in life situations, in dramatic collisions of the characters in the play. In the philosophical drama about the life and death of A. Levada’s Faust and Death, this is a clash of human destinies, in the struggle of worldviews. The play I Don’t Want You To Do Good For Me Anymore by G. Malarciuc is a satire against favoritism and nepotism. In the play Two Lives and the Third by F. Vidrascu, this is psychological certainty in revealing the spiritual dramas of the heroes. In the play The Crane Feathers by J. Kinoshita this is a poetical and philosophical reading of an old Japanese legend. In the play Eminescu by M. Stefanescu, this is a highly artistic embodiment of the images of Eminescu, Creanga, Alecsandri. In the play Blanduzia’s Fountain by V. Alecsandri, this is the disclosure of the tragic life of a poet who selflessly strives to bring love and goodness to people and dooms himself to death. And others.

Experience of trading institutions of Torgsin (trade with foreigners) with the population of Ivanovo Industrial Region in 1933-1935

The article is devoted to the study of the main forms of interaction between Torgsin (trade with foreigners) trading institutions and the population of Ivanovo Industrial Region in 1933–1935. The question of the evolution of Torgsin's own money issued to customers in exchange for surrendered values was investigated. The stages of replacement of trade orders with commodity books are indicated. Data on prices for basic food and industrial goods in Torgsin stores are presented, the dynamics of sales, factors that influenced the policy of lowering and raising prices. Legal documents were considered that contributed to improving the supply of goods to the population, as well as the issue of the ratio of Torgsin sales prices and Soviet industry selling prices. An assortment of domestic and imported goods is presented. Special attention is paid to the prices of collective farm markets of the largest towns of Ivanovo Industrial Region. The ratio of market and official rates of the gold and Soviet rouble was considered. The study allowed to consider the advantages and disadvantages in Torgsin's work with the population of the region. The direction of consumer demand has been studied. Based on a comparative analysis of Torgsin prices and the free market of the region, an idea of the level of accessibility of various groups of goods for buyers is made.

The experience of organizing obstetrics in the Bolshe-Bereznikovsky district of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Four years ago, there were no collective farm maternity hospitals in our region. The district and one of the local hospitals had only 12 beds for women in labor.

Labour Mobilization of the Collective Farm Peasantry Temnikovsky District of the Mordovian ASSR in the Post-War Period

Introduction and Methods. In the post-war period, the mobilization of the collective farm village and the strengthening of control over the workers began to be considered again as one of the main means of raising agriculture. The authors of the article have undertaken research on the problem of organizational and economic strengthening of collective farms in the second half of the 40s – early 50s of the XX century by analyzing the specifics of the implementation of the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) of September 19, 1946 “On measures to eliminate violations of the Charter of the agricultural artel in collective farms”. The source base of the study was archival materials on the Temnikovsky district of the Mordovian ASSR. During the research, the following methods were used: comparative-historical, problem-chronological, system analysis and structural. Results and Discussion. Having received a directive from the center, responsible employees urgently began to identify violations noted in the resolution of the party and the government in the collective farms of the Temnikovsky district. Already in the autumn of 1946 as a result of the audit of the land fund, a lot of violations of the “Charter” were revealed, which consisted in unauthorized cutting of arable land to personal farms, as well as in the use of hayfields and pastures. More significant areas of land were illegally withdrawn from collective farm turnover by various institutions and organizations. The audits also revealed fictitious sections of households in order to acquire additional areas of household plots and vegetable gardens, increase the number of livestock and poultry. The reports prepared by officials based on the results of the inspections carried out indicate that the payment system, introduced even in wartime conditions, began to fail without the systematic use of repressive measures. Another characteristic feature of the development of the village in the late 1940s–early 1950s was the numerous violations of the principles of “collective farm democracy”. Conclusion. As a result of the study, the stages of implementation of the resolution of September 19, 1946, the nature and effectiveness of the event were determined.

Collective Farm Village of Mordovia in the Post-War Period

Introduction. The article explores the state of the collective farm village of Mordovia in the post-war period, when the peasantry went through a difficult and contradictory path of development, having experienced all the consequences of state policy, which was characterized mainly by the use of repressive measures and increased taxes. At the same time, the moral encouragement of the leaders of collective farm production was used, the material and technical base of collective farms was gradually strengthened. Results and Discussion. Yield growth, livestock and productivity of public animal husbandry, the strengthening of the economy of farms largely depended on the efficiency of the work of collective farmers, state farm workers, advanced production workers, agricultural production specialists. The improvement of the material well-being and cultural level of the workers of the region, first of all, was expressed in the growth of the monetary income of collective farmers, workers and employees, in housing construction. The reduction of the agricultural tax in 1953, the increase in procurement and purchase prices for agricultural products, the decrease in retail prices for some food and industrial goods, the transition to monthly and quarterly advance payment of labor changed not only the economic situation, but also the psychological climate in the village: the social and labor activity of people increased, the migration of the rural population of Mordovia decreased. Conclusion. The progressive measures implemented after September 1953 soon exhausted themselves due to systemic reasons and contradictory subjective decisions.

Food Crises in Kabardino-Balkaria in 1920s.

One of the little-studied episodes of the systemic crisis that gripped Russian territory at the beginning of the last century as a result of wars and revolutions, as well as social transformations in the countryside, is considered. The food situation in Kabardino-Balkaria in the 1920s is analyzed. The features of the research approach inherent in the works of regional historians of the Soviet period when examining the theme of famine in Kabardino-Balkaria in 1921—1922 and 1930 are revealed in the article. On the material of archival sources, the active role of local and central authorities in the fight against hunger in the region in 1921—1922 is shown. Particular attention is paid to the problem of the 1930 famine. The main reasons for the taboo of this topic and the lack of its scientific development are established. It is proved that the scale and consequences of the food crisis in Kabardino-Balkaria in 1930 was comparable to the similar phenomena of 1921—1922. The subject of the anti-collective farm movement, which began in the summer of 1928 and lasted until the completion of the collectivization of peasant farms in Kabardino-Balkaria, associated with the problem of the systemic crisis of the indicated period, is highlighted.

On the work of the medical team during the spring sowing season in 1932 at the "Jedalik" collective farm of the Nariman village council of the Aravan-Burin region Kir. YSSR

Plan: 1 / General characteristics of the collective farm, 2 / production plan, 3 / work of the health center: a / introduction of a minimum of sanitary, b / approaching first aid to the brigade, c / organization of sanitary posts, d / combating injuries and simulation and absenteeism, e / organization and assistance to a kindergarten and a playground, f / provision of medical assistance at a health center, the fight against smallpox.