Physical principles

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sidebotham ◽  
Alan Merry ◽  
Malcolm Legget ◽  
Gavin Wright
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Ultrasound Image ◽  
Doppler Imaging ◽  
Living Tissue ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Imaging Tool ◽  
Transducer Design ◽  
Living Tissues ◽  
Physical Principles

In Chapter 1, the physical principles that underpin the use of ultrasound as a clinical imaging tool are explained. The aim of the chapter is to provide a simple, easy-to-understand overview of both the physical principles (and limitations) of ultrasound imaging. A secondary goal is to assist students in their preparation for the physics sections of their examinations! The chapter is divided into three sections. In the first section, the physical principles of ultrasound imaging are reviewed, including a description of the interaction of sound waves with living tissues, the principles of ultrasound image formation, and the basics of transducer design. Section 2 describes the principles of Doppler imaging, including the Doppler effect and differences between CW and PW (including colour) Doppler imaging. Finally, in Section 3, the effect of ultrasound on living tissue is briefly reviewed.

Ultrasound Physics and Ultrasound Machine Functionality

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Brooke Albright-Trainer
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Image ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Still Image ◽  
Ultrasound Machine ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Imaging Tool ◽  
Image Optimization ◽  
Tools And Techniques

Chapter 1 reviews basic ultrasound physics and introduces ultrasound machine functionality. Ultrasound medical imaging (also known as sonography) is a diagnostic imaging tool that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of structures in the body. It can show details that a still image like a radiograph cannot, such as blood flow or needle guidance to a nerve. Several tools and techniques are useful in acquiring the best ultrasound image. The chapter covers the functions of many ultrasound machine knobs, machine operation, ultrasound operating modes, and ultrasound image optimization. It also examines different types of ultrasound probes and their uses.

scholarly journals Reverse Scan Conversion and Efficient Deep Learning Network Architecture for Ultrasound Imaging on a Mobile Device

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2629
Author(s):  
Kunkyu Lee ◽  
Min Kim ◽  
Changhyun Lim ◽  
Tai-Kyong Song
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Mobile Device ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Ultrasound Image ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Point Of Care Ultrasound ◽  
Reverse Scan ◽  
Scan Conversion

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), realized by recent developments in portable ultrasound imaging systems for prompt diagnosis and treatment, has become a major tool in accidents or emergencies. Concomitantly, the number of untrained/unskilled staff not familiar with the operation of the ultrasound system for diagnosis is increasing. By providing an imaging guide to assist clinical decisions and support diagnosis, the risk brought by inexperienced users can be managed. Recently, deep learning has been employed to guide users in ultrasound scanning and diagnosis. However, in a cloud-based ultrasonic artificial intelligence system, the use of POCUS is limited due to information security, network integrity, and significant energy consumption. To address this, we propose (1) a structure that simultaneously provides ultrasound imaging and a mobile device-based ultrasound image guide using deep learning, and (2) a reverse scan conversion (RSC) method for building an ultrasound training dataset to increase the accuracy of the deep learning model. Experimental results show that the proposed structure can achieve ultrasound imaging and deep learning simultaneously at a maximum rate of 42.9 frames per second, and that the RSC method improves the image classification accuracy by more than 3%.

Repeatability, Reproducibility, and Calibration of the MyotonPro® on Tissue Mimicking Phantoms

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Dougherty ◽  
Emily Schaefer ◽  
Kalyani Nair ◽  
Joseph Kelly ◽  
Alfonse Masi
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Dynamic Stiffness ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Living Tissue ◽  
Polymeric Gel ◽  
Stiffness Properties ◽  
Tissue Phantoms ◽  
Repeatability And Reproducibility ◽  
Living Tissues

The MyotonPro® (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia) is commonly used to quantify stiffness properties of living tissues in situ. Current studies quantify the dynamic stiffness properties of living tissues, but do not validate or compare these measurements to a standardized method. Additionally, living tissue, being dynamic in nature, presents much variability in data collection. To address these issues this study focuses on the repeatability and reproducibility of the MyotonPro® on polymeric gel-based tissue phantoms. In addition, a correlation study is also performed to translate dynamic stiffness to a more standardized property, Young’s modulus. Such studies help to confirm the reliability of the measurements obtained in situ.

scholarly journals 49-06: Using electromechanical wave imaging, a novel non-invasive ultrasound imaging tool to detect endocardial versus epicardial arrhythmia origins

EP Europace ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. i31-i31
Author(s):  
Elaine Wan ◽  
Alexander Costet ◽  
Ethan Bunting ◽  
Julien Grondin ◽  
Hasan Garan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Imaging Tool ◽  
Wave Imaging

Breast Ultrasound Overview

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhavi Raghu ◽  
Liane E. Philpotts
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Medical Physics ◽  
Percutaneous Biopsy ◽  
Breast Ultrasound ◽  
Doppler Imaging ◽  
Spatial Compounding ◽  
Ultrasound Study

Ultrasound of the breast is comfortable, widely available, and does not involve ionizing radiation. Indications for a breast ultrasound study include evaluation of a palpable lump, further evaluation of a mammographic or MRI abnormality, screening among women who are at increased cancer risk, and to provide guidance for a percutaneous biopsy. This chapter provides an overview of breast ultrasound, which is a key modality for diagnostic evaluation and, increasingly, for supplemental screening. Topics that will be covered here include the breast anatomy on ultrasound, imaging techniques, medical physics associated with breast ultrasound (including spatial compounding, Doppler imaging, and harmonic imaging), and clinical indications.

scholarly journals GPU-Based Simulation of Ultrasound Imaging Artifacts for Cryosurgery Training

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Keelan ◽  
Kenji Shimada ◽  
Yoed Rabin
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Field ◽  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Ultrasound Image ◽  
Application Programming Interface ◽  
Computational Technique ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Computerized Training ◽  
Application Programming ◽  
Imaging Artifacts ◽  
Property Changes

This study presents an efficient computational technique for the simulation of ultrasound imaging artifacts associated with cryosurgery based on nonlinear ray tracing. This study is part of an ongoing effort to develop computerized training tools for cryosurgery, with prostate cryosurgery as a development model. The capability of performing virtual cryosurgical procedures on a variety of test cases is essential for effective surgical training. Simulated ultrasound imaging artifacts include reverberation and reflection of the cryoprobes in the unfrozen tissue, reflections caused by the freezing front, shadowing caused by the frozen region, and tissue property changes in repeated freeze–thaw cycles procedures. The simulated artifacts appear to preserve the key features observed in a clinical setting. This study displays an example of how training may benefit from toggling between the undisturbed ultrasound image, the simulated temperature field, the simulated imaging artifacts, and an augmented hybrid presentation of the temperature field superimposed on the ultrasound image. The proposed method is demonstrated on a graphic processing unit at 100 frames per second, on a mid-range personal workstation, at two orders of magnitude faster than a typical cryoprocedure. This performance is based on computation with C++ accelerated massive parallelism and its interoperability with the DirectX-rendering application programming interface.

scholarly journals An Ultrasound Imaging-Guided Robotic HIFU Ablation Experimental System and Accuracy Evaluations

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih Yu An ◽  
Jia Hao Syu ◽  
Ching Shiow Tseng ◽  
Chih-Ju Chang
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Ultrasound Image ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
High Intensity Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Tumor Treatment ◽  
Positioning Control ◽  
Hifu Ablation

In recent years, noninvasive thermal treatment by using high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has high potential in tumor treatment. The goal of this research is to develop an ultrasound imaging-guided robotic HIFU ablation system for tumor treatment. The system integrates the technologies of ultrasound image-assisted guidance, robotic positioning control, and HIFU treatment planning. With the assistance of ultrasound image guidance technology, the tumor size and location can be determined from ultrasound images as well as the robotic arm can be controlled to position the HIFU transducer to focus on the target tumor. After the development of the system, several experiments were conducted to measure the positioning accuracy of this system. The results show that the average positioning error is 1.01 mm with a standard deviation 0.34, and HIFU ablation accuracy is 1.32 mm with a standard deviation 0.58, which means this system is confirmed with its possibility and accuracy.

The role of serum thyroglobulin concentration and thyroid ultrasound imaging in the detection of iodide transport defects in infants

1991 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Vulsma ◽  
Johan A. Rammeloo ◽  
Margareth H. Gons ◽  
Jan J. M. de Vijlder
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Neonatal Screening ◽  
Ultrasound Image ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Thyroid Ultrasound ◽  
Serum Thyroglobulin ◽  
Iodide Transport ◽  
Thyroid Screening ◽  
Transport Defect ◽  
Neonatal Thyroid Screening

Abstract. When discovered by neonatal screening, a thyroid dyshormonogenesis is usually not recognized as a goitre. Especially a total iodide transport defect can easily be misclassified as thyroid agenesis, since radionuclide imaging cannot visualize the thyroid. We present the only iodide transport defect ever discovered in the Netherlands, the 35th reported in the literature, and the first one found exclusively as a result of neonatal screening. We demonstrate that iodide transport defects, in common with organification and deiodinase defects, can be distinguished from thyroid dysgenesis by demonstrating a normal or enlarged thyroid ultrasound image, and especially by measuring very high serum thyroglobulin levels (above 1000 pmol/l). In the presented case, an iodide-123 saliva-to-serum ratio near unity completed the etiologic classification. Measurement of serum thyroglobulin levels, in combination with thyroid ultrasound imaging, will improve the early identification of hereditary types of congenital hypothyroidism, and especially iodide transport defects, in patients found by neonatal thyroid screening.

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