Diagnosis and conceptualization of mental illness

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-26
Author(s):  
Awais Aftab ◽  
John G. Csernansky
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Dementia Praecox ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Harmful Dysfunction ◽  
The Us ◽  
Philosophical Account ◽  
Research Domain

This chapter outlines the evolution of psychiatric understanding of mental disorders utilizing seven landmark texts that have informed current nosology. Important themes reviewed in this chapter include the foundational distinction between dementia praecox and manic-depressive insanity (Emil Kraepelin), drastic diagnostic differences between American and British psychiatrists reported in the 1970s (the US–UK diagnostic project), development of operationalized diagnostic criteria (Feighner criteria), the biopsychosocial model (George Engel), the philosophical account of mental disorder as harmful dysfunction (Jerome Wakefield), the endophenotype concept (Irving Gottesman and Todd Gould), and the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) by the National Institute of Mental Health. Historical and theoretical links between these different texts and thinkers are highlighted and are offered to the reader in an integrated narrative of psychiatry’s conceptual development.

Components of the Economic Burden of Serious Mental Illness in the US

US Neurology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R Insel ◽  
Michael Schoenbaum ◽  
Philip S Wang ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Treatment ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Health Treatment ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us

Mental disorders impose considerable socioeconomic costs due to their episodic/chronic nature, their relatively early ages at onset, and the highly disabling nature of inadequately treated mental illness. Despite substantial increases in the volume of mental health treatment for disorders in the past two decades, particularly pharmacotherapies, the level of morbidity and mortality from these disorders does not appear to have changed substantially over this period. Improving outcomes will require the development and use of more efficacious treatments for mental disorders. Likewise, implementation of cost-effective strategies to improve the quality of existing care for these disabling conditions is required.

Cells, Circuits, and Syndromes: A Critical Commentary on the NIMH Research Domain Criteria Project

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niall McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Research Domain Criteria ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Critical Commentary ◽  
The Us ◽  
New Research ◽  
Research Domain

The US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has recently declared a new research program for psychiatry, the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), as the successor of the long-standing Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnostic program. However, the new program is based on a series of assumptions that, on analysis, lack any formal scientific standing. Essentially, as presently conceptualized, the RDoC program is no more than ideology masquerading as science, and thus cannot achieve its stated goals. It is argued that the program will lead psychiatry into intellectually sterile areas because it is in fact the wrong research program for the present state of our knowledge.

Psychiatric Nosology

2019 ◽  
pp. 33-52
Author(s):  
Paul S. Nestadt ◽  
Karen E. Seymour ◽  
James B. Potash ◽  
Paul R. McHugh
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Psychiatric Nosology ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Research Domain

This chapter introduces and compares three prominent systems for the classification of mental illness, recognizing that no one system is ideal for all purposes and that there is a complicated historical context for each. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders arose in response to a troubling lack of consistent and reliable diagnostic definitions among both mental health researchers and clinicians. The Perspectives of Psychiatry framework represents a comprehensive approach to mental disorders that begins with the understanding that they can stem from combinations of one’s biology, behaviors, temperament, and personal experiences. The Research Domain Criteria framework is of particular value to scientists investigating the biological underpinnings of mental illness, arranging mental phenomenology along neuropsychological dimensions that can be broken down into proposed mechanisms building from genes to physiology to symptoms.

scholarly journals Misunderstanding RDoC

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica I. Lake ◽  
Cindy M. Yee ◽  
Gregory A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Biological Science ◽  
Research Domain Criteria ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
The Us ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Research Domain

Abstract. Mental illness is fundamentally mental, by definition about psychological rather than biological phenomena, but biological phenomena play key roles in understanding, preventing, and treating mental illness. The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative of the US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is an unusually ambitious effort to foster integration of psychological and biological science in the service of psychopathology research. Some key features and common misunderstandings of RDoC are discussed here.

scholarly journals Associations between common mental disorders and the Mental Illness Needs Index in community settings

2007 ◽  
Vol 191 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Fone ◽  
Frank Dunstan ◽  
Ann John ◽  
Keith Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Service Planning ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Community Settings

BackgroundThe relationship between the Mental Illness Needs Index (MINI) and the common mental disorders is not known.AimsTo investigate associations between the small-area MINI score and common mental disorder at individual level.MethodMental health status was measured using the Mental Health Inventory of the Short Form 36 instrument (SF-36). Data from the Caerphilly Health and Social Needs population survey were analysed in multilevel models of 10 653 individuals aged 18–74 years nested within the 2001 UK census geographies of 110 lower super output areas and 33 wards.ResultsThe MINI score was significantly associated with common mental disorder after adjusting for individual risk factors. This association was stronger at the smaller spatial scale of the lower super output area and for individuals who were permanently sick or disabled.ConclusionsThe MINI is potentially useful for small-area needs assessment and service planning for common mental disorder in community settings.

scholarly journals Empathy, Burnout, and Attitudes towards Mental Illness among Spanish Mental Health Nurses

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 692
Author(s):  
Daniel Román-Sánchez ◽  
Juan Carlos Paramio-Cuevas ◽  
Olga Paloma-Castro ◽  
José Luis Palazón-Fernández ◽  
Isabel Lepiani-Díaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽  
Personal Accomplishment ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mental Health Nurses ◽  
Positive Attitudes

Mental health nurses, together with psychiatrists, are the healthcare professionals who display the highest levels of empathy and the best attitudes towards patients with mental disorders. However, burnout is a common problem among these professionals. The aim of our study is to describe the association between empathy, burnout, and attitudes towards patients with mental disorders among mental health nurses in Spain. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used involving a sample of 750 specialist nurses working in mental health facilities in Spain. An intentional, non-probability, non-discriminative, exponential snowball sampling method was used. The Jefferson Scale of Empathy, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Community Attitudes towards Mental Illness Inventory were used to measure the study variables. A positive correlation was observed between empathy and all the study variables, with the exception of the personal accomplishment dimension of burnout and the social restrictiveness and authoritarianism dimensions of attitudes towards mental illness, where a negative relation was observed. Our findings suggest that empathy is associated with an increase in positive attitudes towards patients with mental disorders, decreasing associated stigma, but did not act as a protective factor against burnout in the study sample.

scholarly journals Sistem Informasi Manajemen Pos Pelayanan TerpaduKesehatan Jiwa di Desa Bongkot

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Athi Linda Yani ◽  
Mohamad Ali Murtadho
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Information System ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Management Information System ◽  
Management Information ◽  
Service Program ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness

Bongkot village has many people suffering from mental disorders. There are around fifty people suffering from mental disorders. Prediction of mental disorders at table three is usually done through interviews. Cadres need to fill out the form provided on the Towards Healthy Soul Card (KMSJ) at the interview. The form needs to be filled out based on the results of the interview to predict whether the interviewee has a mental illness or not. If the results of the interview are predicted to have a mental disorder, the cadre will recommend appropriate follow-up. This process is certainly prone to mistakes because it only depends on cadre knowledge. Predictions will certainly affect the recommendations given. in this community service program, the authors propose to apply Information Technology (IT) to reduce the risk of such errors. The system is named the Mental Health Posyandu Management Information System (SIM). The system is expected to be able to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of services at the posyandu, the output of this service produces an online-based application related to the service of mental health posyandu with the address www. poskeswa.com.

Psychoses in Adult Mental Defectives: I. Manic Depressive Psychosis

1972 ◽  
Vol 120 (555) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Mental Defective ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Dementia Praecox ◽  
Melancholic Depression ◽  
Manic Depressive Psychosis ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Clear Cases ◽  
Mental Defectives

Hurd in 1888 described cases of mania, melancholia, folie circulaire and attempted suicide in mental defectives. Ireland in 1898 described three ‘imbecile lunatics’ who were ‘clear cases of melancholia’, and quoted an earlier physician, Wells, who in 1845 had seen ‘attacks of mania in cretins, as well as a peculiar suicidal form of this affliction, which prompts the wretched maniac to attempt self-destruction by throwing himself into the fire’. Clouston (1883) considered that ‘congenital imbeciles may have attacks of maniacal excitement or of melancholic depression—in fact are subject to them’. Kraepelin (1896, 1902) took the view that ‘imbecility may form the basis for the development of other psychoses such as manic-depressive insanity, the psychoses of involution and dementia praecox’. Gordon (1918) stated that mental defectives suffering from depression rarely express ideas of guilt or thoughts of suicide; manics lacked ‘quickness of comprehension of wit or humour or sarcasm’. He noted that depression was more common than mania and that recurrences tended to run true to type. Prideaux (1921) accepted that manic-depressive psychosis could occur in high-grade mental defectives, and drew attention to the increased incidence of conversion hysteria in patients of low intelligence. Medow (1925) observed that mental defectives could manifest all the types of mental illness seen in people of normal intelligence but in the defective mental illness had a silly, fantastic, nonsensical colouring. Neustadt (1928) put forward the view that the typical psychoses of the mental defective were acute episodic states of excitement.

Research Domain Criteria and OCD

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eyal Kalanthroff ◽  
Gideon E. Anholt ◽  
Helen Blair Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Research Domain Criteria ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Research Domain

This chapter discusses the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project, an initiative of the National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) of the United States to develop for research purposes new ways of classifying mental disorders based on dimensions of observable behavior and neurobiological measures, and explores how the hallmark symptoms of OCD (obsessions, compulsions, and anxiety) can be mapped onto RDoC domains. Unlike current categorical diagnostic systems (e.g., DSM), RDoC seeks to integrate many levels of information (from genomics to self-report) to validate dimensions defined by neurobiology and behavioral measures that cut across current disorder categories. The chapter explores, for heuristic reasons, how the RDoC matrix might be used to elucidate the neurobehavioral domains of dysfunction that lead to the characteristic symptoms of OCD. It then selectively reviews the OCD literature from the perspective of the RDoC domains, aiming to guide future transdiagnostic studies to examine specific neurobehavioral domains across disorders.

A brief history of the criminalization of mental illness

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 638-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel A. Dvoskin ◽  
James L. Knoll ◽  
Mollie Silva
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Community Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Serious Mental Illnesses

This article traces the history of the way in which mental disorders were viewed and treated, from before the birth of Christ to the present day. Special attention is paid to the process of deinstitutionalization in the United States and the failure to create an adequately robust community mental health system to care for the people who, in a previous era, might have experienced lifelong hospitalization. As a result, far too many people with serious mental illnesses are living in jails and prisons that are ill-suited and unprepared to meet their needs.

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