Measuring change

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Streiner ◽  
Geoffrey R. Norman ◽  
John Cairney
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Curve Analysis ◽  
Growth Curve Analysis ◽  
Clinical Assessments ◽  
Measuring Change ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Measure Change ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

Although the goal of many clinical assessments and research studies is to measure how much people change between two occasions, the measurement of change is fraught with conceptual and methodological difficulties. One of the difficulties is that there are (at least) two different reasons to measure change: to determine if intervention had any effect, and to identify the correlates of change. These two goals work against each other, because the former requires there to be little difference in the amount of change among people in the same group, while the latter depends on inter-individual differences. The chapter also discusses various biases that exist when people are asked directly how much they think they have changed. This chapter addresses the issues of the relationship of change to the reliability of the scale, difficulties of measuring change in experimental and quasi-experimental studies, and new approaches to measuring change, such as growth curve analysis.

Relation between understanding and agreeing in response to one-sentence assertion*

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
YASUHIRO OZURU ◽  
DAVID BOWIE ◽  
GIULIA KAUFMAN
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cognitive Response ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Evaluative Response ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Relationship

abstractThree quasi-experimental studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between the evaluative (i.e., agree/true) and the meta-cognitive (i.e., understand) response, and to determine which type of response people are more likely to provide when responding to one-sentence assertive statements. In Studies 1 and 2, participants performed two separate tasks in which they were asked to indicate the levels of: (i) understanding and (ii) agreement / perceived truthfulness of 126 one-sentence statements. The results indicated that participants were likely to provide a negative evaluative response (i.e., disagree/false) to a statement that they did not understand. In Study 3, participants were asked to evaluate the same 126 statements and choose between four response options: agree, disagree, understand, do not understand. The results indicated that people are more likely provide an evaluative response regardless of the understandability of a statement. The results of these studies are discussed in relation to (i) pragmatic perspective of how people infer speakers’ meaning, and (ii) cognitive processes underlying evaluative and meta-cognitive response.

Application of Galvanic Zinc-Iron Coating in the Repair of Transport and Technological Machines

2021 ◽  
Vol 1022 ◽  
pp. 181-193
Author(s):  
Dmitry M. Rozhkov ◽  
Evgenia V. Eltoshkina ◽  
Petr I. Ilyin ◽  
Olga A. Svirbutovich
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Iron Alloy ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Experimental Base ◽  
Optimal Resource ◽  
Iron Coating ◽  
Saving Mode ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Kinetics Of

The article presents the results of experimental studies to determine the relationship between the electrolysis modes and the properties of electroplating coatings for mathematical modeling of the dynamics of the electrolytic process (MDEP), described by a system of ordinary differential equations due to the complex relationship of the kinetics of chemical reactions, hydrodynamics and mass transfer in the electrolyte flow, the kinematics of electrode plates, and the influence of the electric field of the "anode-cathode" pair on all these processes. At the same time, the experimental base was a series of full-scale experiments to restore the seats of the root supports of cylinder blocks with electroplated coatings. The final result of the research is the procedure for constructing an optimal resource-saving mode of electroplating, which is a zinc-iron alloy.

scholarly journals Contact-deformation mechanism of boundary friction

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 14004
Author(s):  
Alexandr Dykha ◽  
Volodymyr Kukhar ◽  
Viktor Artiukh ◽  
Maxim Aleksandrovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Deformation Mechanisms ◽  
Internal Stresses ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Relative Deformation ◽  
Contact Deformation ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Friction Units ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Research was conducted to determine the effect of lubricants on stress and strain in the contact of metal surfaces. Experiments were carried out on the introduction of a fixed and moving indenter in contact with a dry and lubricated surface.The steel spherical specimen was pressed into a lubricated and dry metal surface. The microstructures of the structure of the surface layer are studied under various conditions of deformation. The diagrams of the relative deformation of the surface layers are constructed. The mechanism of the formation and distribution of internal stresses for dry and greased contact is described. Experimental studies of the introduction of a moving steel indenter into a lubricated surface have been carried out. The relationship of the deformation mechanisms of lubricated surfaces with their wear resistance is determined. The results obtained are recommended for predicting the durability of lubricated friction units according to the criterion of contact strength.

scholarly journals Planned Cesarean Delivery and Urinary Retention Associated With Spinal Morphine

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan DiBlasi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cesarean Delivery ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Patients Âgés ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Cesarean delivery (CD) is the second most commonly performed surgery in the United States. As such, prevention of complications associated with this procedure is a top priority in nursing care. Nurses at the study insti- tution perceived that postcesarean patients experienced increased uri- nary retention after use of spinal morphine for postoperative pain relief. This observation prompted a review of the literature indicating that limited research had been conducted in this area. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of postelective CD urinary reten- tion and dose of spinal morphine. A retrospective, quasi-experimental, three-group design was used. Records of 150 patients, ages 17 to 39, undergoing elective primary or repeat CD were examined. Morphine doses included 100, 150, and 200 mcg. No statistically significant differ- ences were found between the three groups.</p>

scholarly journals THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF LACTOFERRIN INFLUENCE ON BONE FORMATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
P E Sadchikov ◽  
I L Goldman ◽  
S V Razin ◽  
A D Chernousov ◽  
L I Alekseeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Bone Matrix ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In present critical review of systematized materials on the breakthrough achievements of the last decade - the discovery of the effect of protein lactoferrin (LF) on bone formation. It is shownthat LF increases the number of osteoblasts, stimulate their proliferation and differentiation, and prevents their destruction. Action of LF exceeds that of many other previously established bone-forming factors. LF increases the ability of osteoblasts to synthesize and mineralize bone matrix. Apparently, the effect of LF on bone anabolism ensured by the presence of specific receptors on osteoblasts. It was found that LF also inhibits the formation of osteoclasts. Experimental studies have demonstrated that LF prevents the destruction of bone tissue in ovariectomizedanimals and, thus, developing the type of postmenstrual osteoporosis in women. We get the first clinical studies demonstrating an increase in the period of healing of bone injuries while reducing the level of endogenous LF. Since molecular research establishes that the expression of the LF gene is regulated by estrogen, which reduces the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) in women, there is a need to further investigate the relationship of these processes, which will help to create a basis for the management of bone formation.

scholarly journals Organic matter and mineralization of river waters in mountains of Russia and adjacent countries

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
M. P. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Mountain Rivers ◽  
River Waters ◽  
Taiga Forest ◽  
Salinity Water ◽  
Cis Countries ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article examines general regularities of the formation of dissolved organic matter (DOM), salinity (∑), the acid-alkaline indicators (pH) river waters in the mountains with various types of altitudinal zonation in Russia and CIS countries. The analysis is based on the results of many years of experimental studies in the network of the Roshydromet. The reaction of water of rivers in a southerly direction in accordance with changes in landscape-geochemical conditions are sequentially changed from acidic in the tundra of the Arctic to neutral in the tundra and taiga, slightly alkaline in forest-meadow and alkaline in a desert and subtropical mountains. The average annual salinity water of the mountain rivers in two Northern types of vertical zones is 42 and 74 mg/l, in two Southern types – 140 and 450 mg/l. The average annual values of permanganate (PO) and bichromate (BO) oxidation, and color of river water in xerophytic desert-subtropical mountains are small (3 and 7), and increase to medium and slightly increased grades into humid tundra and taiga, tundra of the Arctic, and the forest meadow mountains (7–8 and 13–18 mg O/l). Relationships PO:BO change from 62% in the tundra of the Arctic up to 50%, 41% and 35% in the tundra and taiga, forest-meadow and desert-subtropical mountains. The content of humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acids is also maximum in two Northern types of vertical zones (0.224 and 1.80 mg/l) and decreases in the two Southern types to 0.013 and 0.067, 0.373 and 0.637 mg/l. The relationship of contents of HA and FA decreases to the South in forest-grassland and desert-subtropical mountains in 1.3 and 3.7 times.

scholarly journals Sleep Apnoea Adverse Effects on Cancer: True, False, or Too Many Confounders?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8779
Author(s):  
David Gozal ◽  
Isaac Almendros ◽  
Amanda I. Phipps ◽  
Francisco Campos-Rodriguez ◽  
Miguel A. Martínez-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
The Relationship

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a prevalent disorder associated with increased cardiovascular, metabolic and neurocognitive morbidity. Recently, an increasing number of basic, clinical and epidemiological reports have suggested that OSA may also increase the risk of cancer, and adversely impact cancer progression and outcomes. This hypothesis is convincingly supported by biological evidence linking certain solid tumours and hypoxia, as well as by experimental studies involving cell and animal models testing the effects of intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation that characterize OSA. However, the clinical and epidemiological studies do not conclusively confirm that OSA adversely affects cancer, even if they hold true for specific cancers such as melanoma. It is likely that the inconclusive studies reflect that they were not specifically designed to test the hypothesis or because of the heterogeneity of the relationship of OSA with different cancer types or even sub-types. This review critically focusses on the extant basic, clinical, and epidemiological evidence while formulating proposed directions on how the field may move forward.

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