Understanding as a Source of Justification

Mind ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (514) ◽  
pp. 509-534
Author(s):  
Joachim Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Justification ◽  
Second Order ◽  
The Law ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Graham Priest

Abstract The traditional epistemological approach towards judgments like BACHELORS ARE UNMARRIED or ALL KNOWLEDGE IS TRUE is that they are justified or known on the basis of understanding alone. In this paper, I develop an understanding-based account which takes understanding to be a sufficient source of epistemic justification for the relevant judgments. Understanding-based accounts face the problem of the rational revisability of almost all human judgments. Williamson has recently developed a reinforced version of this problem: the challenge from expert revisability. This is the problem that even the best candidate judgments for understanding-based justification can be rationally rejected by the relevant experts, who may not even have any disposition or inclination to accept these judgments. (Consider, for instance, Graham Priest, a leading logician who rejects the law of non-contradiction.) However, I argue that expert revisability is fully compatible with the proposed understanding-based epistemology, because expert revisability is true of sufficient sources of epistemic justification in general. A remaining metaphysical worry is that understanding might end up being ‘too thin’ to play the envisaged epistemological role. This worry can be countered with a novel metaphysics of understanding involving second-order dispositions.

On generic complexity of the subset sum problem in monoids and groups of integer matrix of order two

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Alexander Nikolaevich Rybalov
Keyword(s):  
Linear Group ◽  
Modular Group ◽  
Special Linear Group ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Integer Matrix ◽  
Subset Sum ◽  
Algorithmic Problems ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Subset Sum Problems ◽  
Generic Complexity

Generic-case approach to algorithmic problems was suggested by A. Miasnikov, I. Kapovich, P. Schupp and V. Shpilrain in 2003. This approach studies behavior of an algo-rithm on typical (almost all) inputs and ignores the rest of inputs. In this paper, we prove that the subset sum problems for the monoid of integer positive unimodular matrices of the second order, the special linear group of the second order, and the modular group are generically solvable in polynomial time.

Peranan Hukum Dalam Pembangunan Ekonomi Negara Menurut Pandangan Ibnu Khaldun

Al-Risalah ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
M Lohot Hasibuan
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
National Economy ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Law System ◽  
The Law ◽  
Almost All

 The law is no longer a record of behaviors which shape  the live of society; instead the law is expected to reveal the new  powers which expect the prosperity of the society. As the result,  almost all aspects of life are tied by law. The law should also realize  that there are external factors which effect the law and in the  application in reality. In that way, when designing the law policy,  the designer needs to consider some aspects such as psychology,  sociology,  and  geography.  Concerning  on  the  development  of  national economy, Ibnu Khaldun stated that law system should be  based on religion rule for the reason that the law will organize the  economic  system  well  to  be  balance  and  develop  the  economic  productivity 

“To Maintain the Biological Substance of the Polish Nation” : Reproductive Rights as an Area of Conflict in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-381
Author(s):  
Michael Zok
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Reproductive Rights ◽  
World War ◽  
Discursive Strategies ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
Constitutional Tribunal ◽  
Biological Substance ◽  
The Law ◽  
Almost All

On October 22, 2020, the long-term dispute about reproductive rights in Polish society had a comeback. The Constitutional Tribunal declared the embryo-pathological indication of abortions guaranteed by the law of 1993 to be unconstitutional. The tribunal’s ruling was met with widespread protests, as it effectively forbade almost all reasons for terminations of pregnancies. While members of the Church’s hierarchy and pro-life activists celebrated, politicians began once again to discuss the law, and different suggestions were made (including a draft law similar to laws in effect in other European countries like Germany, and a law which would allow the termination of a pregnancy if the fetus were likely to die, or a law forbidding them in the case that the fetus had been diagnosed as having down’s syndrome). The debates are hardly new to Polish society and history. On the contrary, they date back to the recreation of the Polish state after World War I. This article concentrates on the developments in the Communist People’s Republic that led to the legislation of 1993, which is commonly referred to as a “compromise.” It focuses on the main actors in this dispute and the policymakers and their arguments. It also contextualizes these discursive strategies in a long-term perspective and highlights continuities and ruptures.

Slavery

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Gamauf
Keyword(s):  
Roman Law ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
The Law ◽  
Almost All

In Roman law slaves were chattels and persons at the same time. As persons, they were incapable of holding any rights. But this deficit led to their use as business agents because they could obtain rights for their masters, whereas free persons under classical Roman law could not. While the law tried to hold up the fiction that all slaves were the complete subjects of their masters and that no legal distinctions existed among slaves in this regard, their social positions, as reflected in the legal sources, differed widely. Since Roman jurists were confronted with almost all aspects of slavery, their writings show social differentiations between various types of slaves as far as these caused adjustments of their legal treatment. But at the same time the legal sources also document when, for the sake of the master’s interest or the public’s, social differences between slaves were levelled out.

Der Wandel im Berufsbild der Anwaltschaft

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius Wefing
Keyword(s):  
Service Provider ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
The Law ◽  
Professional Image ◽  
Almost All

The legal profession seems to be undergoing a change; the lawyer - de lege lata an independent organ of the administration of justice and member of a liberal profession - is now increasingly appearing as a profit-oriented service provider. This development is accompanied by a deregulation of the legal profession, the decrease of specific legal rights and obligations in almost all areas. One area that is exemplary in every respect is the law on advertising by lawyers, whose gradual liberalization - as this work impressively shows - is perhaps the strongest, but in any case the most striking expression of the change in the professional image of the legal profession.

PENAHANAN PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA DI BAWAH UMUR OLEH PENYIDIK DIKAITKAN DENGAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 3 TAHUN 1997 TENTANG PENGADILAN ANAK

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-170
Author(s):  
Adi Sujarwo ◽  
Endeh Suhartini ◽  
Ju Naidi
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Justice ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Law ◽  
Police Detention ◽  
Almost All

Delinquency problem is the actual problem, in almost all the countries in the world, including Indonesia . Attention to this issue has a lot of thought poured out, either in the form of discussions and seminars which have been held by organizations or government agencies that close relationship with this problem. In a legal perspective, the problem of theft is a criminal act (delict) plaguing the society , in Article 362 Code of Criminal Law of the theft said, " Whoever took the goods wholly or partially belongs to another person , with intent to have unlawful , punishable due to theft, with a maximum imprisonment of 5 ( five ) years or a fine of nine hundred dollars. However, the rules of Article 362 Book of the Law of Criminal Law of the theft and criminal application against minors regulated in Article 26 paragraph (1), 27 and 28, paragraph (1) of Act No. 3 of 1997 on Juvenile Justice , stipulates that the maximum legal threats meted out to convicted child is ½ of the maximum threat of criminal provisions will apply. This study uses a normative approach , in that the data from the literature and from the field as input and information in order to obtain an answer. The results of this research that the detention of offenders under the age of 3 was associated with the Law No. 1997 on the Juvenile Justice conducted an investigation into juvenile delinquents by the investigator children who have an interest, attention, dedication and understanding the problem child. Legal protection of the child as a criminal in the process of investigation has not been in accordance with Law No. 3 of 1997 on Juvenile Justice. Police to interrogate suspected child should distinguish processes and work systems of the investigation and adult actors. Status of child offenders under the custody process by investigators in Bogor City Police Detention by the investigator or prosecutor young child or children with the determination of the judge, in a case and in the manner provided for in the law No.11 of 2012 and the Criminal Procedure Code, determine that the suspect or the accused may be detained. Because there is the term "may" be detained, the detention of children is not always meant to do, so in this case the investigator expected to strongly consider if the detention of children. According to Article 21 paragraph (1) Criminal Code

Why Does Intimate Deception Work?

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-76
Author(s):  
Jill Elaine Hasday
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
The Law ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers why deceivers often succeed in duping their intimates. Judges frequently blame deceived intimates for having been fooled, but detecting intimate deception can be very difficult. First, almost all of us have much less ability to spot deception than we may like to imagine. Second, powerful social norms discourage the investigation of intimates. Third, it is often difficult or impossible to mount an investigation without the investigation itself jeopardizing or ending the relationship because the investigated person finds out about it. Practical realities often preclude reconnaissance without the subject’s knowledge. Moreover, the law prohibits—for legitimate and important reasons—many forms of research into someone else’s life without the subject’s consent. It is deeply ironic for courts to fault plaintiffs for not swiftly uncovering intimate deception when laws protecting privacy and security make investigating a potentially deceptive intimate without that intimate’s consent much more difficult.

scholarly journals Compliance of infant formula promotion on websites of Brazilian manufacturers and drugstores

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Isabella Scatamacchia Cordeiro Ferraz Prado ◽  
Ana Elisa Madalena Rinaldi
Keyword(s):  
Infant Formula ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Infant Foods ◽  
Online Sales ◽  
Promotion Strategies ◽  
The Law ◽  
Almost All

OBJECTIVE: To verify the compliance with Law No. 11,265/2006 in the promotion strategies for infant formula in Brazilian websites of manufacturers and drugstore networks. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2017. We analyzed the compliance to attributes of the Law No.11,265/2006 (Law for Marketing of Foods for Infants and Toddlers, Feeding Bottles, Teats and Pacifiers) in five websites of infant formula manufacturers and nine websites of drugstore networks. The main attributes assessed were: the presence of drawings or representations of children, the presence of warning statements displayed in conspicuous and prominent spaces informing if products are intended for infants aged under or over 6 months, the adequate display of infant formulas/similar products, and the presence of pop-ups with other infant formulas or links to websites for children’s products. All compliances and non compliances verified were described in absolute and relative frequencies. RESULTS: We verified that 80% of the websites of infant formula manufacturers displayed advertisements for other children’s food products. The main non compliance in infant formula manufacturer’s websites was the absence of warning statements about products intended for infants over 6 months of age. Only 33% of the drugstores’ websites complied with Law No. 11,265/2006. The main non compliances in these websites were the absence of warning statements on products intended for infants over 6 months of age (100%), the presence of pop-up advertisements for other infant foods (77%) and the presence of advertisements for other children’s food products (92%). CONCLUSION: We identified non compliances with the Law No. 11,256/2006 in almost all websites of infant formula manufacturers and in all the websites of drugstore networks. Most promotion strategies were found at drugstore websites, which are the main channels for online sales.

Nature of cybercrime is changing globally

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Dynamic Response ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Law ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Online Form ◽  
Illicit Activity

Subject The changing nature of cybercrime -- and law enforcement response. Significance The low barriers to entry and the difficulties associated with tracking cybercriminals mean that such illicit activity will continue to rise. For many organisations, cybercrime will represent their primary cyberthreat -- above those including cyberespionage and hacktivism (an online form of activism). Adapting to the cybercrime threat is, therefore, crucial. With cybercriminals often adopting innovative tactics, the law enforcement challenge is also constantly evolving, highlighting the necessity of a dynamic response. Impacts Poorer states may emulate North Korean attempts at cybertheft to generate revenue. Malware developers will be increasingly tempted to sell their services to government agencies. The spread of criminal-related malware is global and unpredictable, making almost all regions and industries potential cybercrime targets.

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