MO838PARAOXONASE 1 GENE POLYMORPHISMS CONCERNING CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY IN CIGARETTE SMOKERS AND NON-SMOKERS TREATED WITH HEMODIALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Ewa Grzegorzewska ◽  
Kamila Ostromecka ◽  
Monika Swiderska ◽  
Paulina Adamska ◽  
Adrianna Mostowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Atherogenic Index ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
Cardiac Mortality ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
P Values

Abstract Background and Aims Paraoxonase 1 gene (PON1) single nucleotide variants (SNVs), known as associated with lipoprotein peroxidation, are related to atherosclerotic diseases, including coronary heart disease (CHD). Cigarette smoking, causing increased susceptibility to lipoprotein oxidation, contributes to cardiovascular events, and its effects are linked with PON1 SNVs. We investigated the association of PON1 rs705379 (-108C>T), rs854560 (163A>T), and rs662 (575A>G) SNVs with cardiovascular mortality in maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients concerning cigarette smoking status. Method In the HD group, there were 206 smokers and 659 non-smokers. Among all patients who died (n = 542), cardiovascular mortality was similar in smokers and non-smokers (59.0% vs. 59.3%, respectively). Deceased smokers were burning 20 (5 - 25) cigarettes daily. We obtained PON1 polymorphisms by HRM analysis (rs662) or predesigned TaqMan SNV Genotyping Assay (rs854560, rs705379). All cardiovascular, cardiac, CHD- and non-CHD-related deaths were analyzed in smokers and non-smokers concerning PON1 SNVs and DM status. The Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test and the Cox regression analyses were applied for the estimation of survival. If computed P-values were below 0.05, the adjustment for sex, age, and HDL-cholesterol was applied. We have shown only adjusted P-values for survival analyses. Results HD cigarette smokers, who died from cardiovascular diseases, were younger (63.5, 31.1 – 86.3 vs. 74.0, 26.8 – 95.9 years, P = 2.992e-10), predominantly men (70, 85.3% vs. 91, 38.1%, P = 1.5e-13), had more atherogenic serum lipid profile (atherogenic index estimated as the TG/HDL cholesterol ratio 4.90, 0.72 – 25.6 vs. 3.79, 0.66 – 49.7, P = 0.003; HDL-cholesterol level 34.8, 17.3 – 103 vs. 40.0, 7 – 103 mg/dL, P = 0.0004; TG 167.0, 48.8 – 652 vs. 149.8, 40.0 – 856 mg/dL, P = 0.034), but similar RRT duration compared to deceased HD non-smokers. Cigarette smoking status did not influence cardiovascular mortality either in DM or non-DM group. DM smokers showed similar cardiovascular mortality to non-DM smokers, but among HD non-smokers, DM patients demonstrated higher cardiovascular mortality than non-DM subjects (P = 0.029). Among all smokers, the rs705379 TT genotype was associated with all cardiovascular (P = 0.028), all cardiac (P = 0.046), and cardiac non-related with CHD (P = 0.001) mortality. The rs705379 TT genotype smokers, who died from cardiac reasons, showed a higher frequency of myocardial infarction than CC+CT bearers (66.7% vs. 29.2%, P = 0.047). Non-DM smokers showed similar qualitative significance to all smokers concerning all cardiovascular, all cardiac, and cardiac non-related with CHD death rates (P-values 0.011, 0.044, and 0.009, respectively). In DM non-smokers, the rs705379 T allele correlated with CHD related deaths (P = 0.020). The rs854560 T allele, compared to the AA genotype, was associated with lower cardiovascular mortality in non-DM smokers (P = 0.008). The rs854560 TT genotype showed a negative correlation with cardiac death non-related to CHD in all non-smokers (P = 0.079). In DM smokers, the rs662 G allele was associated with a higher risk of cardiac mortality (P = 0.005). In all non-smokers and non-DM non-smokers, the rs662 G allele correlated with cardiovascular deaths (P = 0.020 and P = 0.018, respectively). Conclusion The variant alleles of PON1 rs705379 (T) and rs662 (G) are associated with cardiac mortality in HD patients. The rs854560 variant allele (T) possessors present better cardiovascular survival than the AA genotype subjects. Cardiovascular mortality is not merely related to polymorphic variants known as associated with lower serum activity or concentration of paraoxonase, a PON1 protein product. Assessing PON1 SNVs enables the prediction of cardiovascular mortality risk in HD smokers and non-smokers and may help select patients for advanced prevention against cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Paraoxonase 1 gene variants concerning cardiovascular mortality in conventional cigarette smokers and non-smokers treated with hemodialysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja E. Grzegorzewska ◽  
Kamila Ostromecka ◽  
Monika K. Świderska ◽  
Paulina Adamska ◽  
Adrianna Mostowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
Single Nucleotide Variants ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
P Values

AbstractCigarette smoking effects might correspond with paraoxonase 1 gene (PON1) single nucleotide variants (SNVs). We investigated the association of PON1 rs705379, rs854560, and rs662 with cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients concerning conventional cigarette smoking. Cardiovascular, cardiac, coronary heart disease (CHD)- and non-CHD-related deaths were analyzed in 206 HD cigarette smokers and 659 HD non-smokers. P-values were adjusted for sex, age, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Among all smokers, the rs705379 TT genotype was associated with cardiovascular (P = 0.028), cardiac (P = 0.046), and cardiac non-CHD-related (P = 0.001) mortality. Non-diabetic smokers showed similar qualitative significance to all smokers concerning mentioned death rates (P-values 0.011, 0.044, and 0.009, respectively). In diabetic non-smokers, the rs705379 T allele correlated with CHD-related deaths (P = 0.020). The rs854560 T allele was associated with lower cardiovascular mortality in non-diabetic smokers (P = 0.008). The rs854560 TT genotype showed a negative non-significant correlation with non-CHD-related cardiac death in all non-smokers (P = 0.079). In diabetic smokers, the rs662 G allele was associated with higher cardiac mortality (P = 0.005). In all non-smokers and non-diabetic non-smokers, the rs662 G correlated with cardiovascular deaths (P = 0.020 and P = 0.018, respectively). Genotyping PON1 SNVs may help argue HD smokers harboring the rs705379 TT genotype or T allele and non-smokers possessing the rs662 G allele for prevention against cardiovascular diseases. These groups are more burdened genetically for cardiovascular mortality.

Patterns of non-cigarette tobacco and nicotine use among current cigarette smokers and recent quitters: Findings from the 2020 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Li ◽  
Ron Borland ◽  
K Michael Cummings ◽  
Shannon Gravely ◽  
Anne C K Quah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Cigarette Tobacco ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Patterns Of Use ◽  
Levels Of Use ◽  
Current Cigarette

Abstract Introduction This study explores patterns of use of non-cigarette tobacco and nicotine products among adult cigarette smokers and recent ex-smokers. Along with cigarette smoking status we explore differences as a function of countries with different product regulations, gender and age. Methods Data came from the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Wave 3 Survey conducted between February-June 2020. The analytic sample consisted of 9112 current cigarette smokers (at least monthly) and 1184 recent ex-smokers (quit cigarettes ≤ 2 years) from Australia, Canada, England, and the US. Respondents were asked about their cigarette smoking and current use of the following non-cigarette products: combustible tobacco (cigars, cigarillos, pipe, waterpipe); non-combustible tobacco (smokeless tobacco, and heated tobacco products (HTPs)); and non-tobacco nicotine products (nicotine vaping products (NVPs), nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), and nicotine pouches)). Results Overall, NVPs (13.7%) and NRT (10.9%) were the most reported nicotine products used, followed by cigars (5.3%), cigarillos (4.2%), and HTPs (3.5%). More than 21% current and recent ex-smokers of cigarettes reported using a non-tobacco nicotine product and non-combustible product, with respondents in England reporting the highest levels of use (>26%). Males, younger respondents, and current non-daily cigarette smokers were more likely to use non-cigarette nicotine products. Notably, 11.6% of ex-cigarette smokers were using other combustible tobacco. Conclusion Considerable percentages of current cigarette smokers and ex-smokers use non-cigarette nicotine products, and there are unexpectedly high levels of use of other combustible products by those recent ex-smokers of cigarettes which is concerning and has important implications for definitions of smoking cessation. Implications The tobacco product market has evolved to include new products which add to existing non-cigarette tobacco products creating a much more diverse nicotine market. This brief report provides a snapshot of use of various combustible and non-combustible nicotine containing products among current cigarette smokers and recent ex-smokers in four western countries. Our results indicate that use of non-cigarette tobacco and nicotine products among these cigarette smokers and recent ex-smokers is not low, particularly among males, younger and non-daily cigarette smokers. Use of other combustible tobacco among respondents that recently quit cigarette smoking is concerning and has important implications for definitions of smoking cessation. Increased emphasis on researching non-cigarette nicotine product use is warranted in tobacco control generally and smoking cessation in particular.

scholarly journals Paraoxonase 1 concerning dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality in haemodialysis patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja E. Grzegorzewska ◽  
Paulina Adamska ◽  
Ewa Iwańczyk-Skalska ◽  
Kamila Ostromecka ◽  
Leszek Niepolski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Protein Product ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
Pon1 Activity ◽  
Cerebral Stroke ◽  
Adhesion Properties ◽  
Cholesterol Ratio ◽  
Atherogenic Dyslipidaemia ◽  
Uremic Patients

AbstractParaoxonase 1 (PON1) is known for preventing atherosclerosis through lipid-modifying features, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, anti-thrombosis, and anti-adhesion properties. Uremic patients requiring haemodialysis (HD) are especially prone to atherosclerosis and its complications. We analysed the PON1 gene (PON1) polymorphisms and serum PON1 (paraoxonase) activity concerning dyslipidaemia and related cardiovascular diseases and mortality to show how they associate under uremic conditions modified by maintenance HD treatment. The rs662 AA + AG (OR 1.76, 95%CI 1.10–2.80, P = 0.018), rs854560 TT (OR 1.48, 95%CI 1.04–2.11, P = 0.031), and rs854560 AT + TT (OR 1.28, 95%CI 1.01–1.63, P = 0.040) contributed to the prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidaemia diagnosed by the triglyceride (TG)/HDL-cholesterol ratio ≥ 3.8. The normalized serum PON1 activity positively correlated with atherogenic dyslipidaemia (ẞ 0.67 ± 0.25, P = 0.008). The PON1 rs854560 allele T was involved in the higher prevalence of ischemic cerebral stroke (OR 1.38, 1.02–1.85, P = 0.034). The PON1 rs705379 TT genotype contributed to cardiovascular (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.03–1.57, P = 0.025) and cardiac (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.05–1.71, P = 0.018) mortality. All P-values were obtained in multiple regression analyses, including clinical variables. Multifaceted associations of PON1 with dyslipidaemia, ischemic cerebral stroke, and cardiovascular mortality in HD patients provide arguments for the consideration of PON1 and its protein product as therapeutic targets in the prevention of atherosclerosis and its complications in uremic patients.

Cigarette Smoking Status and Smoking Cessation Counseling of Chinese Physicians in Wuhan, Hubei Province

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Zao Li ◽  
Weixing Sun ◽  
Fangmei Cheng ◽  
Xiangrong Wang ◽  
Weiping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Female Physicians ◽  
Smoking Cessation Counseling ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Perceived Success ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Current Cigarette ◽  
Chinese Physicians

Among the 347 physicians surveyed, 58% of the male physicians and 18.8% of the female physicians were current cigarette smokers; 54.4% of the male and 70.4% of the female physicians often or always provided smoking cessation counseling for patients; 37.5% of the physicians thought that for a Chinese smoker, cigarette smoking served as a social lubricant; 31.5% thought it a habit; 21.7% thought it a stress reliever; and 9.2% thought it a social status symbol. The following 5 variables were significantly associated with physicians' smoking cessation counseling frequency: their smoking status, perceived success in their past counseling, perceived influence, perceived exemplary role, and perceived responsibility. To increase physicians' smoking cessation counseling, the Chinese Ministry of Health would need to discourage physicians to smoke and appeal to their sense of responsibility to help patients quit smoking.

scholarly journals Outdoor Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Diseases in Lebanon: A Case-Control Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeina Nasser ◽  
Pascale Salameh ◽  
Habib Dakik ◽  
Elias Elias ◽  
Linda Abou Abbas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Moderator Effect ◽  
Outdoor Air Pollution ◽  
Control Study

Outdoor air pollution is increasingly considered as a serious threat for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The aim of this study is to investigate the association between outdoor pollutants and cardiovascular diseases among adults in Lebanon and to examine the possible moderator effect of cigarette smoking status on this association. A multicenter case-control study was conducted between October 2011 and October 2012. Cases were hospitalized patients diagnosed with CVD by a cardiologist while the control group subjects were free of any cardiac diseases. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, tobacco consumption, self-rated global health, pollution exposure, and other risk factors was collected using a questionnaire. The results of the logistic regression revealed that living near busy highway (OR 5.04, 95% CI (4.44–12.85),P<0.001) and close to local diesel generator (OR 4.76, 95% CI (2.07–10.91),P<0.001) was significantly associated with CVD. The association between the CVD and exposure to outside pollutants differed by cigarette smoking status. A clear difference was noted between nonsmokers and current smokers OR 4.6, 95% CI (1.10–19.25) and OR 10.11, 95% CI (7.33–20.23), respectively. Forthcoming studies are needed to clarify the potential link between outdoor air pollution and cardiovascular diseases in Lebanon. Public health interventions must be implemented to reduce air pollution and to improve air quality.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with Paraoxonase Genotypes and Activity in a Diverse, Young, Healthy Population: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 738-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharat Thyagarajan ◽  
David R Jacobs ◽  
J Jeffery Carr ◽  
Ogechika Alozie ◽  
Michael W Steffes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Macrovascular Disease ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Paraoxonase Activity

Abstract Background: Paraoxonase may mitigate oxidative damage and thus lower risk of macrovascular disease. Methods: DNA samples from 2252 participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study were genotyped for the L55M and Q192R polymorphisms of the PON1 (paraoxonase 1) gene, and paraoxonase activity was measured in serum. Results: The 192R (67.4% vs 29.7%) and 55L (80.0% vs 63.8%) alleles were more common in blacks vs whites. The Q192R locus was the strongest correlate of paraoxonase activity (100.4 nmol/mL/min greater in the 192RR than the 192QQ genotype). After adjustment for the Q192R locus, the L55M locus (12.7 nmol/mL/min difference between 55LL and 55MM) and race (6.6 nmol/mL/min difference between blacks and whites) were correlated with paraoxonase activity (P ≤0.0001), as were concentrations of HDL cholesterol (23.9 nmol/mL/min difference between highest and lowest quintiles), triglycerides (12.6 nmol/mL/min difference between highest and lowest quintiles), LDL cholesterol (8.2 nmol/mL/min difference between highest and lowest quintiles), smoking status (6.3 nmol/mL/min difference between current smokers of ≥15 cigarettes/day and never smokers), and glucose concentrations at the highest quintile (6.5 nmol/mL/min difference between highest and lowest quintiles in nondiabetic participants). There was no cross-sectional or longitudinal association between paraoxonase enzyme activity and coronary artery calcification (CAC), an early marker of cardiovascular disease, or its progression over 5 years. Conclusions: Paraoxonase may not play an important role during the early pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. However, associations with lipids and glucose suggest that paraoxonase may modify or react to macrovascular disease pathogenesis.

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and its relationship to lipid variables, age and gender in healthy volunteers

Biologia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarína Sumegová ◽  
Pavel Blažíček ◽  
Bianca Fuhrman ◽  
Iveta Waczulíková ◽  
Zdeňka Ďuračková
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Serum Lipid ◽  
Oxidized Ldl ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Atherogenic Index ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
Serum Lipid Profile ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Paraoxonase Activity

AbstractRecent studies implied that low-density lipoprotein (LDL) modified predominantly by oxidation or glycation, significantly contributes to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. In contrast to oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is able to prevent accumulation of ox-LDL in arterial walls. This antiatherogenic property of HDL is attributed in part to several enzymes associated with the lipoprotein, including HDL-associated paraoxonase 1 (PON1). In this study we analyzed PON1 arylesterase/paraoxonase activities in relation to serum lipid profile, gender and age in thirty clinically healthy Slovak volunteers. Our results showed that PON1 arylesterase and paraoxonase activities were lower in citrated plasma than in serum by 16.6% and 27.3%, respectively. Among serum lipoproteins, only HDL-cholesterol level showed significant positive correlation with PON1 arylesterase activity (p = 0.042). Likewise, we found a significant relationship between atherogenic index (AI = total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol) and PON1 arylesterase activity (p = 0.023). No significant correlation could be demonstrated between PON1 paraoxonase activity and serum lipid profile, age or gender. Furthermore, it was found that PON1 paraoxonase/arylesterase activities were higher in women compared with both investigated activities in men, but these differences were not statistically significant. These results confirmed a positive correlation between HDL-cholesterol and PON1 arylesterase activity. Moreover, it was found out that PON1 paraoxonase activity is not influenced either by gender or by age. PON1 arylesterase activity was however affected by gender to a limited extent.

scholarly journals Neopterin as a Predictor of Total and Cardiovascular Mortality in Individuals Undergoing Angiography in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1135-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja B Grammer ◽  
Dietmar Fuchs ◽  
Bernhard O Boehm ◽  
Bernhard R Winkelmann ◽  
Winfried Maerz
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
St Elevation ◽  
Artery Disease

Abstract Background: Neopterin is produced upon activation of the cell-mediated immune response, and may be a novel risk marker for adverse outcomes resulting from coronary artery disease. Methods: We measured neopterin in 1801 study participants with and 511 without angiographic coronary artery disease. Rates of death were determined after a median follow-up of 8.0 years. Results: Estimated glomerular filtration rate and N-terminal pro-B–type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were the strongest predictors of neopterin. Neopterin was positively related to age and inversely related to LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Use of lipid-lowering drugs lowered neopterin. Sex, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking status, Friesinger coronary score, and clinical instability at presentation were not associated with neopterin. Unlike C-reactive protein, neopterin was not increased in unstable angina pectoris, non–ST–elevation myocardial infarction, or ST-elevation myocardial infarction. In the third and fourth quartiles of neopterin, unadjusted hazard ratios for death from any cause were 1.94 (95% CI 1.44–2.61) and 3.32 (95% CI 2.53–4.30) compared to individuals in the first quartile, whereas hazard ratios for death from cardiovascular causes were 2.14 (95% CI 1.44–3.18) and 3.84 (95% CI 2.67–5.52), respectively. Neopterin remained predictive of total and cardiovascular mortality after adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, smoking status, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, estimated glomerular filtration rate, NT-proBNP, and clinical status at presentation, but NT-proBNP substantially weakened this association. Conclusions: Neopterin is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in individuals with or without stable coronary artery disease.

scholarly journals Postprandial oxidative stress is exacerbated in cigarette smokers

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 1055-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Bloomer ◽  
Adrienne D. Solis ◽  
Kelsey H. Fisher-Wellman ◽  
Webb A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Post Feeding

Both cigarette smoking and high fat meals induce oxidative stress, which is associated with the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. We compared blood antioxidant status, oxidative stress biomarkers and TAG in twenty smokers and twenty non-smokers, matched for age and physical activity, in response to a high fat test meal standardized to body mass. Blood samples were collected before feeding (resting and fasted) and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 h post feeding and analysed for antioxidant capacity (trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; TEAC), xanthine oxidase activity (XO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) and TAG. Smoking status (P < 0·001) and time (P ≤ 0·01) effects were noted for all variables, with smokers demonstrating higher values compared with non-smokers for all variables except for TEAC, for which values were lower for smokers. XO, H2O2, MDA and TAG increased following feeding with a peak response at the 4 h post feeding time point, with the opposite response occurring for TEAC. Although no interaction effects were noted (P>0·05), contrasts revealed greater values in smokers compared with non-smokers for XO, H2O2, MDA and TAG, and lower values for TEAC at times from 1–6 h post feeding (P ≤ 0·05). Our findings indicate that young cigarette smokers experience an exaggerated oxidative stress response to feeding, as well as hypertriacylglycerolaemia, as compared with non-smokers. These data provide insight into another possible mechanism associating cigarette smoking with ill health and disease.

Using Nicalert Strips to Validate Smoking Status in Pregnant Cigarette Smokers

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diann E. Gaalema ◽  
Stephen T. Higgins ◽  
Matthew P. Bradstreet ◽  
Sarah H. Heil ◽  
Ira Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Cigarette Smokers
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