scholarly journals Forest Productivity and Commercial Value of Pre-Law Reclaimed Mined Land in the Eastern United States

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 106-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Rodrigue ◽  
J.A. Burger ◽  
R.G. Oderwald
Keyword(s):  
Surface Mining ◽  
Forest Productivity ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Reference Sites ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Commercial Value ◽  
Rotation Age ◽  
Mine Sites ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of mining practices used prior to the passage of the 1977 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) on forest productivity and commercial value of reclaimed forest sites. Forest productivity and value of 14 mined and 8 nonmined sites throughout the eastern and midwestern coalfield regions were compared. Forest productivity of pre-SMCRA mined sites was equal to or greater than that of nonmined forests, ranging between 3.3 m3ha-1yr-1 and 12.1 m3ha-1yr-1. Management activities such as planting pine and valuable hardwood species increased the stumpage value of forests on reclaimed mine sites. Rotation-age stumpage values on mined study sites ranged between $3,064 ha-1 and $19,528 ha-1 and were commonly greater than stumpage values on nonmined reference sites. Current law requires that mined land be restored to capability levels found prior to mining. These results should provide a benchmark for reforestation success, potential forest productivity, and timber value for current reclamation activities.

scholarly journals Stand Characteristics and Productivity Potential of Indiana Surface Mines Reclaimed Under SMCRA

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Groninger ◽  
Stephen D. Fillmore ◽  
Ron A. Rathfon
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Surface Mining ◽  
Forest Productivity ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Surface Mines ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Productivity Potential

Abstract The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) addresses a wide range of environmental concerns. However, its impacts on forest stand development and productive potential have only recently been investigated. We surveyed the vegetation and forest productivity on 22 surfacemine sites throughout the coal-bearing region of Indiana that were reclaimed to forest cover under the provisions of SMCRA 7–14 years prior to sampling. Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) were the most widely occurring tree species.Tall fescue and goldenrod were the most widely occurring nonarborescent species. Median site index (base age 50 for black oak) was 30 ft. Although satisfying forest cover stocking requirements for bond release, these reclaimed surface mines almost always displayed a level of productivity farbelow those of native forests typical of this region. Reclamation techniques differing from those used on these study sites are needed to restore forest productivity to surface-mined lands while still complying with SMCRA.

scholarly journals XI. Glossary of Local Terms

Oryx ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-85
Keyword(s):  
Crop Raiding ◽  
Small Lake ◽  
Tropical Grassland ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Scattered Trees ◽  
Commercial Value ◽  
Horse Fly

Bhabar: dry country, with a subsoil of boulders, at the foot of the Himalayas.Bhangala: a channel of a river.Bheel: a small lake (in Assam).Chowki: a post, or a hut (for a forest guard, etc.).Dans: horse-fly or gad-fly.Dun: a plateau in a valley or a flat valley in the foothills of the Himalayas.Hatisar: an elephant station.Khola: a stream.Sal: a hardwood species of tree of great commercial value.Savannah: tropical or sub-tropical grassland containing scattered trees or shrubs.Shikar: shooting, or sport.Tal: a small lake.Tand: look-out tower for frightening away crop-raiding rhinoceros and other animals.Tapoo: an island in a river.Terai: moist country a few miles from the base of the Himalayas, at the edge of the bhabar.Tongi: the Assam equivalent of tand.

scholarly journals EARLY DETECTION OF FOREST DROUGHT STRESS WITH VERY HIGH RESOLUTION STEREO AND HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGERY

2020 ◽  
Vol V-2-2020 ◽  
pp. 781-787
Author(s):  
J. Tian ◽  
T. Schneider ◽  
C. Kempf ◽  
Y. Xia ◽  
M. Lusseau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract. The project ‘Application of remote sensing for the early detection of drought stress at vulnerable forest sites (ForDroughtDet)’ is funded by the German Federal Agency of Agriculture and Food and aims to detect drought stress in an early phase using remote sensing techniques. In this project, three test sites in the south and middle part of Germany are selected. Three levels of observation and analyses are performed. In the first level, close-range stereo images and spectral information are captured with a research crane in Kranzberg forest. In the second level, three study sites are imaged twice in three years by airborne hyperspectral and stereo cameras. In the third level, the drought stress detection approach will be transferred to regional scale by satellite image. In this paper, we will briefly report our results from the first and second levels. In the first level, 3D models of the forest canopies are generated with the MC-CNN based dense matching approaches, with which the 3D shapes of the stressed and healthy trees are analysed. In addition, for the spectral analyses, different chlorophyll-sensitive indices are calculated and compared for the stressed and healthy trees. In order to further analyse the tree drought stress in the second level, a novel individual tree crown (ITC) segmentation approach is proposed and tested on the airborne stereo dataset.

Detection and occurrence of antimicrobially resistant E. coli in groundwater on or near swine farms in eastern North Carolina

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E. Anderson ◽  
M.D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Reference Sites ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Swine Farms ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Eastern North Carolina

The use of antibiotics for growth promotion and disease treatment by the commercial swine industry has led to high proportions of multiple antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria being shed by these animals and concerns about the environmental spread of these bacteria. A study was conducted to quantify the extent of release of antibiotic-resistant E. coli from swine farms into groundwater. Four study sites, two swine farms and two reference sites (crop farms), with known groundwater flow paths were screened for E. coli four times over the course of one and a half years. A total of 100 biochemically-confirmed E. coli were collected from the four sites. There were statistically significantly higher E. coli levels at the two swine farm sites than at the reference sites. The bacterial isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance using a panel of 17 drugs that are typical of human and veterinary use. There were 19 and 71 E. coli isolates from swine farms #1 and #2, respectively, with most (68%) being resistant to 1–6 antimicrobials. Only one E. coli isolate from each of the reference sites showed antimicrobial resistance traits. The results of this study demonstrate that antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains are present in groundwaters of swine farms with a typical lagoon and land application system for waste management.

Mineralisation of nitrogen in a chronosequence of rehabilitated bauxite mines

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. L. Todd ◽  
M. A. Adams ◽  
P. F. Grierson
Keyword(s):  
Native Forest ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Mineralisation ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Mine Site ◽  
Native Forests ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Mine Sites ◽  
Bauxite Mines

Mine site rehabilitation should aim to establish quickly and maintain the processes of nutrient cycling at rates comparable with, or approaching, those of native forests. Current management strategies for rehabilitating bauxite mines and other mine sites in Australia usually include planting fast-growing understorey species at high densities and applying fertiliser. We provide the first detailed study of nitrogen (N) availability and N transformations (mineralisation/immobilisation) in such rehabilitated mine sites. Mean concentrations of NO3– (0–5 cm) in a chronosequence (7, 13, 22, and 27 years old) of rehabilitated mine sites ranged from 0.5 to 1.3 kg/ha, and NH4+ from 4.0 to 9.5 kg/ha. In burnt and unburnt native jarrah (E. marginata Donn ex. Smith) forests adjacent to the mine site, mean NO3– concentrations in surface soil (0–5 cm) were 0.8 kg/ha (burnt) and 1.1 kg/ha (unburnt), and mean NH4+ concentrations were 6.8 kg/ha (burnt) and 7.8 kg/ha (unburnt). Concentration of NH4+ at 0–5 cm was strongly related to soil water content (R2 = 0.69, P < 0.05) in rehabilitation sites, but not at 5–10 cm depth. Rates of N mineralisation (0–5 cm) in rehabilitation sites ranged from 34 to 52 kg/ha.year, of the same order as rates in native forest soil. In all rehabilitation and native forest sites, rates of N mineralisation were significantly related to rates of N-uptake at both 0–5 and 5–10 cm depth (R2 > 0.63, P < 0.05). Soil C/N ratios (0–5 cm) in rehabilitation sites ranged from 22.4 to 38.8, and in native forests from 35.6 (burnt) to 40.3 (unburnt). Soil C/N ratios increased with depth in both rehabilitation and native forest sites (ranged from 31.2 to 51.6). Availability of water was the major determinant of nitrogen availability in this strongly Mediterranean climate.

Weight loss and nutrient changes in decomposing litter and forest floor material in New Brunswick forest stands

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (21) ◽  
pp. 2730-2749 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. MacLean ◽  
Ross W. Wein
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Nutrient Changes ◽  
Floor Material

Weight loss and nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) changes with decomposition were examined over a 2-year period fora variety of kinds of litter on five forest sites. Litter types included pine needles, leaves of four deciduous species (red maple, pin cherry, trembling aspen, and white birch), branches of pine and four deciduous species, understory vegetation, and partially decomposed forest floor material, while the study sites consisted of jack pine stands aged 16, 29, and 57 years and mixed hardwood stands aged 7 and 29 years. Statistically significant differences in rate of weight loss were found to occur, with understory and leaf litter significantly faster on the hardwood stands than on the pine stands, understory litter faster on the 7-year-old hardwood stand than on the 29-year-old stand, and forest floor material faster on the 29-year-old pine stand than on the 57-year-old pine stand. Among the four deciduous species examined, significant differences in leaf weight loss also occurred, but differences among branch litter were nonsignificant. The mass of N in samples generally decreased with decomposition, with increases occurring in a few cases (i.e., pine understory and needle litter). Phosphorus mass generally increased on the pine sites and decreased on the hardwood sites; this appeared to be largely a function of the low initial P concentrations of litter on the pine sites. In general, the mass of K, Ca, and Mg decreased in the various samples with decomposition; the loss of K from deciduous leaves in this study was particularly fast and was greater than other values from the literature.

scholarly journals Influence of Vehicle Traffic Emissions on Spatial Variation of Ozone and its Precursors in Air of Port Harcourt City, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1357-1363
Author(s):  
I.E. Okon ◽  
K.I. Omoniyi ◽  
E.D. Paul ◽  
P.A. Ekwumemgbo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Reference Sites ◽  
Traffic Emission ◽  
Vehicle Traffic ◽  
Density Area ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Study Sites

This study aimed at assessing the influence of vehicle traffic on spatial variation of ozone (O3) and its vehicular emission precursors in the air of Port Harcourt city. Sampling was carried out in ten (10) sites, eight (8) located within the high traffic density area (study sites) and two (2) located within the very low traffic density area (reference sites). The precursor pollutants measured were nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCSs). Ozone and the precursor pollutants were measured in situ using AeroQUAL 500 series portable ambient air analyzer while traffic flow survey was achieved by direct counting. Measurements were carried out at morning, evening and off-peak traffic periods respectively. The mean concentrations of ozone and the precursor pollutants were significantly higher (p = 0.05) in the study sites than in the reference sites. Mean concentrations were higher at peak traffic periods than at off-peak traffic periods except for ozone that was higher at off-peak than at morning peak. There was significant correlation between traffic density and each of the pollutants including ozone. The spatial variability in concentration of pollutants was influenced by vehicular traffic. VOCs and NO2 levels were higher than the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) limit of 0.05 ppm and 0.04 – 0.06 ppm respectively, O3 concentration was below the standard limit (0.06 ppm) but was at the verge of exceeding. Traffic emission within the city was significant and could be mitigated through regular monitoring and control.

An index of photosynthesis for comparing forest sites in western Oregon

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Emmingham ◽  
Richard H. Waring
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Forest Productivity ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Annual Carbon ◽  
Soil Temperatures

An index was developed that takes into account the combined influence of air and soil temperatures, light, and the availability of soil moisture upon photosynthesis by a unit area of fully exposed foliage of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco). The index is derived from a summation of daily estimates of carbon assimilation (milligrams CO2 assimilation per decimeter per day) for an entire year. In a comparison of forest environments in western Oregon the index was correlated to a measure of forest productivity (r2 = 0.99). Furthermore, it suggests that much of the annual carbon fixation occurs during the mild winters characteristic of the region. The ability to assess the effects of frost, soil drought, and other variables separately was valuable in explaining differences between coastal, valley, and mountainous sites.

scholarly journals Can we distinguish between tree-ring eccentricity developed as a result of landsliding and prevailing winds? consequences for dendrochronological dating

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Wistuba ◽  
Ireneusz Malik ◽  
Marek Krąpiec
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Prevailing Wind ◽  
Reference Sites ◽  
Eccentricity Index ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
The One ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The aim of our study was to compare patterns of tree-ring eccentricity developed in Norway spruce trees as a result of landsliding with the one caused by the prevailing wind (in 2 study sites), and with the normal growth of trees (in 2 reference sites). We sampled 20 trees per study site and 10 per reference site. Two cores were taken from each tree (120 cores in total) from the upslope and downslope, windward and leeward sides of stems. Ring widths measured on opposite sides of stems were compared using the method of percent eccentricity index. Graphs of the index obtained for individual trees were analysed. Statistical indicators were calculated for a percent eccentricity index. Disturbance events were dated and the response index was calculated. The results show that the patterns of eccentricity developed as a result of the prevailing winds and due to landsliding differ from one another and from the reference sites. The results suggest that the impact of the prevailing wind on tree growth is more severe than the impact of landsliding. The difference may result from the slow-moving character of the landslide under study. The results, however, indicate that wind impact should be taken into account in dendrogeomorphic research and that the impact of mass movements should be considered in dendroecological studies on wind.

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